Corynebacterium glutamicum genes encoding stress, resistance and tolerance proteins

ABSTRACT

Isolated nucleic acid molecules, designated SRT nucleic acid molecules, which encode novel SRT proteins from  Corynebacterium glutamicum  are described. The invention also provides antisense nucleic acid molecules, recombinant expression vectors containing SRT nucleic acid molecules, and host cells into which the expression vectors have been introduced. The invention still further provides isolated SRT proteins, mutated SRT proteins, fusion proteins, antigenic peptides and methods for the improvement of production of a desired compound from  C. glutamicum  based on genetic engineering of SRT genes in this organism.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/703,799, filed Nov. 7, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/603,208, filed Jun. 23, 2000, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,084 on Nov. 23, 2004, which, in turn, claims priority to prior filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/141,031, filed Jun. 25, 1999, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/142,692, filed Jul. 1, 1999, and also to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/151,214, filed Aug. 27, 1999. This application also claims priority to German Patent Application No. 19930429.7, filed Jul. 1, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19931413.6, filed Jul. 8, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19931457.8, filed Jul. 8, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19931541.8, filed Jul. 8, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19932209.0, filed Jul. 9, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19932230.9, filed Jul. 9, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19932914.1, filed Jul. 14, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19940764.9, filed Aug. 27, 1999, and German Patent Application No. 19941382.7, filed Aug. 31, 1999. The entire contents of each of the aforementioned applications are hereby expressly incorporated herein by this reference.

INCORPORATION OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON COMPACT DISCS

This application incorporates herein by reference the material contained on the compact discs submitted herewith as part of this application. Specifically, the file “seqlistcorrected” (992 KB) contained on each of Copy 1, Copy 2 and the CRF copy of the Sequence Listing is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This file was created on Jul. 29, 2006. In addition, the files “Appendix A” (159 KB) and “Appendix B” (55.5 KB) contained on each of the compact disks entitled “Appendices Copy 1” and “Appendices Copy 2” are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Each of these files were created on Jul. 29, 2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Certain products and by-products of naturally-occurring metabolic processes in cells have utility in a wide array of industries, including the food, feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. These molecules, collectively termed ‘fine chemicals’, include organic acids, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides, lipids and fatty acids, diols, carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, vitamins and cofactors, and enzymes. Their production is most conveniently performed through large-scale culture of bacteria developed to produce and secrete large quantities of a particular desired molecule. One particularly useful organism for this purpose is Corynebacterium glutamicum, a gram positive, nonpathogenic bacterium. Through strain selection, a number of mutant strains have been developed which produce an array of desirable compounds. However, selection of strains improved for the production of a particular molecule is a time-consuming and difficult process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides novel bacterial nucleic acid molecules which have a variety of uses. These uses include the identification of microorganisms which can be used to produce fine chemicals, the modulation of fine chemical production in C. glutamicum or related bacteria, the typing or identification of C. glutamicum or related bacteria, as reference points for mapping the C. glutamicum genome, and as markers for transformation. These novel nucleic acid molecules encode proteins, referred to herein as stress, resistance and tolerance (SRT) proteins.

C. glutamicum is a gram positive, aerobic bacterium which is commonly used in industry for the large-scale production of a variety of fine chemicals, and also for the degradation of hydrocarbons (such as in petroleum spills) and for the oxidation of terpenoids. The SRT nucleic acid molecules of the invention, therefore, can be used to identify microorganisms which can be used to produce fine chemicals, e.g., by fermentation processes. Modulation of the expression of the SRT nucleic acids of the invention, or modification of the sequence of the SRT nucleic acid molecules of the invention, can be used to modulate the production of one or more fine chemicals from a microorganism (e.g., to improve the yield or production of one or more fine chemicals from a Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium species).

The SRT nucleic acids of the invention may also be used to identify an organism as being Corynebacterium glutamicum or a close relative thereof, or to identify the presence of C. glutamicum or a relative thereof in a mixed population of microorganisms. The invention provides the nucleic acid sequences of a number of C. glutamicum genes; by probing the extracted genomic DNA of a culture of a unique or mixed population of microorganisms under stringent conditions with a probe spanning a region of a C. glutamicum gene which is unique to this organism, one can ascertain whether this organism is present. Although Corynebacterium glutamicum itself is nonpathogenic, it is related to species pathogenic in humans, such as Corynebacterium diphtheriae (the causative agent of diphtheria); the detection of such organisms is of significant clinical relevance.

The SRT nucleic acid molecules of the invention may also serve as reference points for mapping of the C. glutamicum genome, or of genomes of related organisms. Similarly, these molecules, or variants or portions thereof, may serve as markers for genetically engineered Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium species.

The SRT proteins encoded by the novel nucleic acid molecules of the invention are capable of, for example, permitting C. glutamicum to survive in a setting which is either chemically or environmentally hazardous to this microorganism. Given the availability of cloning vectors for use in Corynebacterium glutamicum, such as those disclosed in Sinskey et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,119, and techniques for genetic manipulation of C. glutamicum and the related Brevibacterium species (e.g., lactofermentum) (Yoshihama et al, J. Bacteriol. 162: 591-597 (1985); Katsumata et al., J. Bacteriol. 159: 306-311 (1984); and Santamaria et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 130: 2237-2246 (1984)), the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be utilized in the genetic engineering of this organism to make it a better or more efficient producer of one or more fine chemicals, through the ability of these proteins to permit growth and multiplication of C. glutamicum (and also continuous production of one or more fine chemicals) under circumstances which would normally impede growth of the organism, such as those conditions frequently encountered during large-scale fermentative growth. For example, by overexpressing or engineering a heat-shock induced protease molecule such that it is optimized in activity, one may increase the ability of the bacterium to degrade incorrectly folded proteins when the bacterium is challenged with high temperatures. By having fewer misfolded (and possibly misregulated or nonfunctional) proteins to interfere with normal reaction mechanisms in the cell, the cell is increased in its ability to function normally in such a culture, which should in turn provide increased viability. This overall increase in number of cells having greater viability and activity in the culture should also result in an increase in yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more desired fine chemicals, due at least to the relatively greater number of cells producing these chemicals in the culture.

This invention provides novel SRT nucleic acid molecules which encode SRT proteins which are capable of, for example, permitting C. glutamicum to survive in a setting which is either chemically or environmentally hazardous to this microorganism. Nucleic acid molecules encoding an SRT protein are referred to herein as SRT nucleic acid molecules. In a preferred embodiment, the SRT protein participates in metabolic pathways permitting C. glutamicum to survive in a setting which is either chemically or environmentally hazardous to this microorganism. Examples of such proteins include those encoded by the genes set forth in Table 1.

Accordingly, one aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules (e.g., cDNAs, DNAs, or RNAs) comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an SRT protein or biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes for the detection or amplification of SRT-encoding nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or mRNA). In particularly preferred embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises one of the nucleotide sequences set forth in Appendix A or the coding region or a complement thereof of one of these nucleotide sequences. In other particularly preferred embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes to or is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, more preferably at least about 70%, 80% or 90%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to a nucleotide sequence set forth in Appendix A, or a portion thereof. In other preferred embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes one of the amino acid sequences set forth in Appendix B. The preferred SRT proteins of the present invention also preferably possess at least one of the SRT activities described herein.

In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a protein or portion thereof wherein the protein or portion thereof includes an amino acid sequence which is sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B, e.g., sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof maintains an SRT activity. Preferably, the protein or portion thereof encoded by the nucleic acid molecule maintains the ability to increase the survival of C. glutamicum in a setting which is either chemically or environmentally hazardous to this microorganism. In one embodiment, the protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, and more preferably at least about 70%, 80%, or 90% and most preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B (e.g., an entire amino acid sequence selected from those sequences set forth in Appendix B). In another preferred embodiment, the protein is a full length C. glutamicum protein which is substantially homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B (encoded by an open reading frame shown in Appendix A).

In another preferred embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is derived from C. glutamicum and encodes a protein (e.g., an SRT fusion protein) which includes a biologically active domain which is at least about 50% or more homologous to one of the amino acid sequences of Appendix B and has the ability to increase the survival of C. glutamicum in a setting which is either chemically or environmentally hazardous to this microorganism, or possesses one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1, and which also includes heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding a heterologous polypeptide or regulatory regions.

In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 15 nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid molecule. More preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a naturally-occurring C. glutamicum SRT protein, or a biologically active portion thereof.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, e.g., recombinant expression vectors, containing the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, and host cells into which such vectors have been introduced. In one embodiment, such a host cell is used to produce an SRT protein by culturing the host cell in a suitable medium. The SRT protein can be then isolated from the medium or the host cell.

Yet another aspect of the invention pertains to, a genetically altered microorganism in which an SRT gene has been introduced or altered. In one embodiment, the genome of the microorganism has been altered by the introduction of a nucleic acid molecule of the invention encoding wild-type or mutated SRT sequence as a transgene. In another embodiment, an endogenous SRT gene within the genome of the microorganism has been altered, e.g., functionally disrupted, by homologous recombination with an altered SRT gene. In another embodiment, an endogenous or introduced SRT gene in a microorganism has been altered by one or more point mutations, deletions, or inversions, but still encodes a functional SRT protein. In still another embodiment, one or more of the regulatory regions (e.g., a promoter, repressor, or inducer) of a SRT gene in a microorganism has been altered (e.g., by deletion, truncation, inversion, or point mutation) such that the expression of the SRT gene is modulated. In a preferred embodiment, the microorganism belongs to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, with Corynebacterium glutamicum being particularly preferred. In a preferred embodiment, the microorganism is also utilized for the production of a desired compound, such as an amino acid, with lysine being particularly preferred.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of identifying the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a subject. This method includes detection of one or more of the nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of the invention (e.g., the sequences set forth in Appendix A or Appendix B) in a subject, thereby detecting the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the subject.

Still another aspect of the invention pertains to an isolated SRT protein or a portion, e.g., a biologically active portion, thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the isolated SRT protein or portion thereof possesses the ability to increase the survival of C. glutamicum in a setting which is either chemically or environmentally hazardous to this microorganism. In another preferred embodiment, the isolated SRT protein or portion thereof is sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof maintains the ability to increase the survival of C. glutamicum in a setting which is either chemically or environmentally hazardous to this microorganism.

The invention also provides an isolated preparation of an SRT protein. In preferred embodiments, the SRT protein comprises an amino acid sequence of Appendix B. In another preferred embodiment, the invention pertains to an isolated full length protein which is substantially homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B (encoded by an open reading frame set forth in Appendix A). In yet another embodiment, the protein is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, and more preferably at least about 70%, 80%, or 90%, and most preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B. In other embodiments, the isolated SRT protein comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 50% or more homologous to one of the amino acid sequences of Appendix B and is able to improve the survival rate of C. glutamicum in a setting which is either chemically or environmentally hazardous to this microorganism, or has one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1.

Alternatively, the isolated SRT protein can comprise an amino acid sequence which is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, e.g., hybridizes under stringent conditions, or is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, more preferably at least about 70%, 80%, or 90%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98,%, or 99% or more homologous, to a nucleotide sequence of Appendix B. It is also preferred that the preferred forms of SRT proteins also have one or more of the SRT bioactivities described herein.

The SRT polypeptide, or a biologically active portion thereof, can be operatively linked to a non-SRT polypeptide to form a fusion protein. In preferred embodiments, this fusion protein has an activity which differs from that of the SRT protein alone. In other preferred embodiments, this fusion protein results in increased yields, production, and/or efficiency of production of a desired fine chemical from C. glutamicum. In particularly preferred embodiments, integration of this fusion protein into a host cell modulates the production of a desired compound from the cell.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for screening molecules which modulate the activity of an SRT protein, either by interacting with the protein itself or a substrate or binding partner of the SRT protein, or by modulating the transcription or translation of an SRT nucleic acid molecule of the invention.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method for producing a fine chemical. This method involves the culturing of a cell containing a vector directing the expression of an SRT nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such that a fine chemical is produced. In a preferred embodiment, this method further includes the step of obtaining a cell containing such a vector, in which a cell is transfected with a vector directing the expression of an SRT nucleic acid. In another preferred embodiment, this method further includes the step of recovering the fine chemical from the culture. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the cell is from the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, or is selected from those strains set forth in Table 3.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods for modulating production of a molecule from a microorganism. Such methods include contacting the cell with an agent which modulates SRT protein activity or SRT nucleic acid expression such that a cell associated activity is altered relative to this same activity in the absence of the agent. In a preferred embodiment, the cell is modulated in resistance to one or more toxic chemicals or in resistance to one or more environmental stresses, such that the yields or rate of production of a desired fine chemical by this microorganism is improved. The agent which modulates SRT protein activity can be an agent which stimulates SRT protein activity or SRT nucleic acid expression. Examples of agents which stimulate SRT protein activity or SRT nucleic acid expression include small molecules, active SRT proteins, and nucleic acids encoding SRT proteins that have been introduced into the cell. Examples of agents which inhibit SRT activity or expression include small molecules, and antisense SRT nucleic acid molecules.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods for modulating yields of a desired compound from a cell, involving the introduction of a wild-type or mutant SRT gene into a cell, either maintained on a separate plasmid or integrated into the genome of the host cell. If integrated into the genome, such integration can random, or it can take place by homologous recombination such that the native gene is replaced by the introduced copy, causing the production of the desired compound from the cell to be modulated. In a preferred embodiment, said yields are increased. In another preferred embodiment, said chemical is a fine chemical. In a particularly preferred embodiment, said fine chemical is an amino acid. In especially preferred embodiments, said amino acid is L-lysine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides SRT nucleic acid and protein molecules which are involved in the survival of C. glutamicum upon exposure of this microorganism to chemical or environmental hazards. The molecules of the invention may be utilized in the modulation of production of fine chemicals from microorganisms, since these SRT proteins provide a means for continued growth and multiplication of C. glutamicum in the presence of toxic chemicals or hazardous environmental conditions, such as may be encountered during large-scale fermentative growth. By increasing the growth rate or at least maintaining normal growth in the face of poor, if not toxic, conditions, one may increase the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more fine chemicals from such a culture, at least due to the relatively greater number of cells producing the fine chemical in the culture. Aspects of the invention are further explicated below.

I. Fine Chemicals

The term ‘fine chemical’ is art-recognized and includes molecules produced by an organism which have applications in various industries, such as, but not limited to, the pharmaceutical, agriculture, and cosmetics industries. Such compounds include organic acids, such as tartaric acid, itaconic acid, and diaminopimelic acid, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides (as described e.g. in Kuninaka, A. (1996) Nucleotides and related compounds, p. 561-612, in Biotechnology vol. 6, Rehm et al., eds. VCH: Weinheim, and references contained therein), lipids, both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid), diols (e.g., propane diol, and butane diol), carbohydrates (e.g., hyaluronic acid and trehalose), aromatic compounds (e.g., aromatic amines, vanillin, and indigo), vitamins and cofactors (as described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A27, “Vitamins”, p. 443-613 (1996) VCH: Weinheim and references therein; and Ong, A. S., Niki, E. & Packer, L. (1995) “Nutrition, Lipids, Health, and Disease” Proceedings of the UNESCO/Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia, and the Society for Free Radical Research—Asia, held Sep. 1-3, 1994 at Penang, Malaysia, AOCS Press, (1995)), enzymes, polyketides (Cane et al. (1998) Science 282: 63-68), and all other chemicals described in Gutcho (1983) Chemicals by Fermentation, Noyes Data Corporation, ISBN: 0818805086 and references therein. The metabolism and uses of certain of these fine chemicals are further explicated below.

A. Amino Acid Metabolism and Uses

Amino acids comprise the basic structural units of all proteins, and as such are essential for normal cellular functioning in all organisms. The term “amino acid” is art-recognized. The proteinogenic amino acids, of which there are 20 species, serve as structural units for proteins, in which they are linked by peptide bonds, while the nonproteinogenic amino acids (hundreds of which are known) are not normally found in proteins (see Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A2, p. 57-97 VCH: Weinheim (1985)). Amino acids may be in the D- or L- optical configuration, though L-amino acids are generally the only type found in naturally-occurring proteins. Biosynthetic and degradative pathways of each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids have been well characterized in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (see, for example, Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 3^(rd) edition, pages 578-590 (1988)). The ‘essential’ amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine), so named because they are generally a nutritional requirement due to the complexity of their biosyntheses, are readily converted by simple biosynthetic pathways to the remaining 11 ‘nonessential’ amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine). Higher animals do retain the ability to synthesize some of these amino acids, but the essential amino acids must be supplied from the diet in order for normal protein synthesis to occur.

Aside from their function in protein biosynthesis, these amino acids are interesting chemicals in their own right, and many have been found to have various applications in the food, feed, chemical, cosmetics, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. Lysine is an important amino acid in the nutrition not only of humans, but also of monogastric animals such as poultry and swine. Glutamate is most commonly used as a flavor additive (mono-sodium glutamate, MSG) and is widely used throughout the food industry, as are aspartate, phenylalanine, glycine, and cysteine. Glycine, L-methionine and tryptophan are all utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. Glutamine, valine, leucine, iso leucine, histidine, arginine, pro line, serine and alanine are of use in both the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Threonine, tryptophan, and D/L-methionine are common feed additives. (Leuchtenberger, W. (1996) Amino aids—technical production and use, p. 466-502 in Rehm et al. (eds.) Biotechnology vol. 6, chapter 14a, VCH: Weinheim). Additionally, these amino acids have been found to be useful as precursors for the synthesis of synthetic amino acids and proteins, such as N-acetylcysteine, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, (S)-5-hydroxytryptophan, and others described in Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A2, p. 57-97, VCH: Weinheim, 1985.

The biosynthesis of these natural amino acids in organisms capable of producing them, such as bacteria, has been well characterized (for review of bacterial amino acid biosynthesis and regulation thereof, see Umbarger, H. E.(1978) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 47: 533-606). Glutamate is synthesized by the reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Glutamine, proline, and arginine are each subsequently produced from glutamate. The biosynthesis of serine is a three-step process beginning with 3-phosphoglycerate (an intermediate in glycolysis), and resulting in this amino acid after oxidation, transamination, and hydrolysis steps. Both cysteine and glycine are produced from serine; the former by the condensation of homocysteine with serine, and the latter by the transferal of the side-chain β-carbon atom to tetrahydrofolate, in a reaction catalyzed by serine transhydroxymethylase. Phenylalanine, and tyrosine are synthesized from the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway precursors erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate in a 9-step biosynthetic pathway that differ only at the final two steps after synthesis of prephenate. Tryptophan is also produced from these two initial molecules, but its synthesis is an 11-step pathway. Tyrosine may also be synthesized from phenylalanine, in a reaction catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase. Alanine, valine, and leucine are all biosynthetic products of pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis. Aspartate is formed from oxaloacetate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. Asparagine, methionine, threonine, and lysine are each produced by the conversion of aspartate. Isoleucine is formed from threonine. A complex 9-step pathway results in the production of histidine from 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, an activated sugar.

Amino acids in excess of the protein synthesis needs of the cell cannot be stored, and are instead degraded to provide intermediates for the major metabolic pathways of the cell (for review see Stryer, L. Biochemistry 3^(rd) ed. Ch. 21 “Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle” p. 495-516 (1988)). Although the cell is able to convert unwanted amino acids into useful metabolic intermediates, amino acid production is costly in terms of energy, precursor molecules, and the enzymes necessary to synthesize them. Thus it is not surprising that amino acid biosynthesis is regulated by feedback inhibition, in which the presence of a particular amino acid serves to slow or entirely stop its own production (for overview of feedback mechanisms in amino acid biosynthetic pathways, see Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 3^(rd) ed. Ch. 24: “Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Heme” p. 575-600 (1988)). Thus, the output of any particular amino acid is limited by the amount of that amino acid present in the cell.

B. Vitamin, Cofactor, and Nutraceutical Metabolism and Uses

Vitamins, cofactors, and nutraceuticals comprise another group of molecules which the higher animals have lost the ability to synthesize and so must ingest, although they are readily synthesized by other organisms, such as bacteria. These molecules are either bioactive substances themselves, or are precursors of biologically active substances which may serve as electron carriers or intermediates in a variety of metabolic pathways. Aside from their nutritive value, these compounds also have significant industrial value as coloring agents, antioxidants, and catalysts or other processing aids. (For an overview of the structure, activity, and industrial applications of these compounds, see, for example, Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, “Vitamins” vol. A27, p. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim, 1996.) The term “vitamin” is art-recognized, and includes nutrients which are required by an organism for normal functioning, but which that organism cannot synthesize by itself. The group of vitamins may encompass cofactors and nutraceutical compounds. The language “cofactor” includes nonproteinaceous compounds required for a normal enzymatic activity to occur. Such compounds may be organic or inorganic; the cofactor molecules of the invention are preferably organic. The term “nutraceutical” includes dietary supplements having health benefits in plants and animals, particularly humans. Examples of such molecules are vitamins, antioxidants, and also certain lipids (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids).

The biosynthesis of these molecules in organisms capable of producing them, such as bacteria, has been largely characterized (Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, “Vitamins” vol. A27, p. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim, 1996; Michal, G. (1999) Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons; Ong, A. S., Niki, E. & Packer, L. (1995) “Nutrition, Lipids, Health, and Disease” Proceedings of the UNESCO/Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia, and the Society for Free Radical Research—Asia, held Sep. 1-3, 1994 at Penang, Malaysia, AOCS Press: Champaign, Ill. X, 374 S).

Thiamin (vitamin B₁) is produced by the chemical coupling of pyrimidine and thiazole moieties. Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) is synthesized from guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) and ribose-5′-phosphate. Riboflavin, in turn, is utilized for the synthesis of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The family of compounds collectively termed ‘vitamin B₆’ (e.g., pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxa-5′-phosphate, and the commercially used pyridoxin hydrochloride) are all derivatives of the common structural unit, 5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine. Pantothenate (pantothenic acid, (R)-(+)-N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-β-alanine) can be produced either by chemical synthesis or by fermentation. The final steps in pantothenate biosynthesis consist of the ATP-driven condensation of β-alanine and pantoic acid. The enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis steps for the conversion to pantoic acid, to β-alanine and for the condensation to panthotenic acid are known. The metabolically active form of pantothenate is Coenzyme A, for which the biosynthesis proceeds in 5 enzymatic steps. Pantothenate, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate, cysteine and ATP are the precursors of Coenzyme A. These enzymes not only catalyze the formation of panthothante, but also the production of (R)-pantoic acid, (R)-pantolacton, (R)-panthenol (provitamin B₅), pantetheine (and its derivatives) and coenzyme A.

Biotin biosynthesis from the precursor molecule pimeloyl-CoA in microorganisms has been studied in detail and several of the genes involved have been identified. Many of the corresponding proteins have been found to also be involved in Fe-cluster synthesis and are members of the nifS class of proteins. Lipoic acid is derived from octanoic acid, and serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism, where it becomes part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The folates are a group of substances which are all derivatives of folic acid, which is turn is derived from L-glutamic acid, p-amino-benzoic acid and 6-methylpterin. The biosynthesis of folic acid and its derivatives, starting from the metabolism intermediates guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), L-glutamic acid and p-amino-benzoic acid has been studied in detail in certain microorganisms.

Corrinoids (such as the cobalamines and particularly vitamin B₁₂) and porphyrines belong to a group of chemicals characterized by a tetrapyrole ring system. The biosynthesis of vitamin B₁₂ is sufficiently complex that it has not yet been completely characterized, but many of the enzymes and substrates involved are now known. Nicotinic acid (nicotinate), and nicotinamide are pyridine derivatives which are also termed ‘niacin’. Niacin is the precursor of the important coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and their reduced forms.

The large-scale production of these compounds has largely relied on cell-free chemical syntheses, though some of these chemicals have also been produced by large-scale culture of microorganisms, such as riboflavin, Vitamin B₆, pantothenate, and biotin. Only Vitamin B₁₂ is produced solely by fermentation, due to the complexity of its synthesis. In vitro methodologies require significant inputs of materials and time, often at great cost.

C. Purine, Pyrimidine, Nucleoside and Nucleotide Metabolism and Uses

Purine and pyrimidine metabolism genes and their corresponding proteins are important targets for the therapy of tumor diseases and viral infections. The language “purine” or “pyrimidine” includes the nitrogenous bases which are constituents of nucleic acids, co-enzymes, and nucleotides. The term “nucleotide” includes the basic structural units of nucleic acid molecules, which are comprised of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (in the case of RNA, the sugar is ribose; in the case of DNA, the sugar is D-deoxyribose), and phosphoric acid. The language “nucleoside” includes molecules which serve as precursors to nucleotides, but which are lacking the phosphoric acid moiety that nucleotides possess. By inhibiting the biosynthesis of these molecules, or their mobilization to form nucleic acid molecules, it is possible to inhibit RNA and DNA synthesis; by inhibiting this activity in a fashion targeted to cancerous cells, the ability of tumor cells to divide and replicate may be inhibited. Additionally, there are nucleotides which do not form nucleic acid molecules, but rather serve as energy stores (i.e., AMP) or as coenzymes (i.e., FAD and NAD).

Several publications have described the use of these chemicals for these medical indications, by influencing purine and/or pyrimidine metabolism (e.g. Christopherson, R. I. and Lyons, S. D. (1990) “Potent inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis as chemotherapeutic agents.” Med. Res. Reviews 10: 505-548). Studies of enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism have been focused on the development of new drugs which can be used, for example, as immunosuppressants or anti-proliferants (Smith, J. L., (1995) “Enzymes in nucleotide synthesis.” Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5: 752-757; (1995) Biochem Soc. Transact. 23: 877-902). However, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides have other utilities: as intermediates in the biosynthesis of several fine chemicals (e.g., thiamine, S-adenosyl-methionine, folates, or riboflavin), as energy carriers for the cell (e.g., ATP or GTP), and for chemicals themselves, commonly used as flavor enhancers (e.g., IMP or GMP) or for several medicinal applications (see, for example, Kuninaka, A. (1996) Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Biotechnology vol. 6, Rehm et al., eds. VCH: Weinheim, p. 561-612). Also, enzymes involved in purine, pyrimidine, nucleoside, or nucleotide metabolism are increasingly serving as targets against which chemicals for crop protection, including fungicides, herbicides and insecticides, are developed.

The metabolism of these compounds in bacteria has been characterized (for reviews see, for example, Zalkin, H. and Dixon, J. E. (1992) “de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis”, in: Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, vol. 42, Academic Press:, p. 259-287; and Michal, G. (1999) “Nucleotides and Nucleosides”, Chapter 8 in: Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wiley: New York). Purine metabolism has been the subject of intensive research, and is essential to the normal functioning of the cell. Impaired purine metabolism in higher animals can cause severe disease, such as gout. Purine nucleotides are synthesized from ribose-5-phosphate, in a series of steps through the intermediate compound inosine-5′-phosphate (IMP), resulting in the production of guanosine-5′-monophosphate (GMP) or adenosine-5′-monophosphate (AMP), from which the triphosphate forms utilized as nucleotides are readily formed. These compounds are also utilized as energy stores, so their degradation provides energy for many different biochemical processes in the cell. Pyrimidine biosynthesis proceeds by the formation of uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP) from ribose-5-phosphate. UMP, in turn, is converted to cytidine-5′-triphosphate (CTP). The deoxy-forms of all of these nucleotides are produced in a one step reduction reaction from the diphosphate ribose form of the nucleotide to the diphosphate deoxyribose form of the nucleotide. Upon phosphorylation, these molecules are able to participate in DNA synthesis.

D. Trehalose Metabolism and Uses

Trehalose consists of two glucose molecules, bound in α, α-1,1 linkage. It is commonly used in the food industry as a sweetener, an additive for dried or frozen foods, and in beverages. However, it also has applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and biotechnology industries (see, for example, Nishimoto et al., (1998) U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,610; Singer, M. A. and Lindquist, S. (1998) Trends Biotech. 16: 460-467; Paiva, C. L. A. and Panek, A. D. (1996) Biotech. Ann. Rev. 2: 293-314; and Shiosaka, M. (1997) J. Japan 172: 97-102). Trehalose is produced by enzymes from many microorganisms and is naturally released into the surrounding medium, from which it can be collected using methods known in the art.

II. Resistance to Damage from Chemicals Environmental Stress, and Antibiotics

Production of fine chemicals is typically performed by large-scale culture of bacteria developed to produce and secrete large quantities of these molecules. However, this type of large-scale fermentation results in the subjection of the microorganisms to stresses of various kinds. These stresses include environmental stress and chemical stress.

A. Resistance to Environmental Stress

Examples of environmental stresses typically encountered in large-scale fermentative culture include mechanical stress, heat stress, stress due to limited oxygen, stress due to oxygen radicals, pH stress, and osmotic stress. The stirring mechanism used in most large-scale fermentors to ensure aeration of the culture produces heat, thus increasing the temperature of the culture. Increases in temperature induce the well-characterized heat shock response, in which a set of proteins are expressed which not only aid in the survival of the bacterium in the face of high temperatures, but also increase survival in response to a number of other environmental stresses (see Neidhardt, F. C., et al., eds. (1996) E. coli and Salmonella. ASM Press: Washington, D.C., p. 1382-1399; Wosten, M. M. (1998) FEMS Microbiology Reviews 22(3): 127-50; Bahl, H. et al. (1995) FEMS Microbiology Reviews 17(3): 341-348; Zimmerman, J. L., Cohill, P. R. (1991) New Biologist 3(7): 641-650; Samali, A., and Orrenius, S. (1998) Cell. Stress Chaperones 3(4): 228-236, and references contained therein from each of these citations). Regulation of the heat shock response in bacteria is facilitated by specific sigma factors and other cellular regulators of gene expression (Hecker, M., Volker, U (1998). Molecular Microbiology 29(5): 1129-1136). One of the largest problems that the cell encounters when exposed to high temperature is that protein folding is impaired; nascent proteins have sufficient kinetic energy in high temperature circumstances that it is difficult for the growing polypeptide chain to remain in a stable conformation long enough to fold properly. Thus, two of the key types of proteins expressed during the heat shock response consist of chaperones (proteins which assist in the folding or unfolding of other proteins—see, e.g., Fink, A. L. (1999) Physiol. Rev. 79(2): 425-449), and proteases, which can destroy any improperly folded proteins. Examples of chaperones expressed during the heat shock response include GroEL and DNAK; proteases known to be expressed during this cellular reaction to heat shock include Lon, FtsH, and ClpB.

Other environmental stresses besides heat may also provoke a stress response. Though the fermentor stirring process is meant to introduce oxygen into the culture, oxygen may remain in limited supply, particularly when the culture is advanced in growth and the oxygen needs of the culture are thereby increased; an insufficient supply of oxygen is another stress for the microorganism. Cells in fermentor cultures are also subjected to a number of osmotic stresses, particularly when nutrients are added to the culture, resulting in a high extracellular and low intracellular concentration of these molecules. Further, the large quantities of the desired molecules produced by these organisms in culture may contribute to osmotic stress of the bacteria. Lastly, aerobic metabolism such as that used by C. glutamicum results in carbon dioxide as a waste product; secretion of this molecule may acidify the culture medium due to conversion of this molecule to carboxylic acid. Thus, bacteria in culture are also frequently subjected to acidic pH stress. The converse may also be true—when high levels of basic waste molecules such as ammonium are present in the culture medium, the bacteria in culture may be subjected to basic pH stress as well.

To combat such environmental stresses, bacteria have elegant gene systems which are expressed upon exposure to one or more stresses, such as the aforementioned heat shock system. Genes expressed in response to osmotic stress, for example, encode proteins capable of transporting or synthesizing compatible solutes such that osmotic intake or export of a particular molecule is slowed to manageable levels. Other examples of stress-induced bacterial proteins are those involved in trehalose biosynthesis, those encoding enzymes involved in ppGpp metabolism, those involved in signal transduction, particularly those encoding two-component systems which are sensitive to osmotic pressure, and those encoding transcription factors which are responsive to a variety of stress factors (e.g., RssB analogues and/or sigma factors). Many other such genes and their protein products are known in the art.

B. Resistance to Chemical Stress

Aside from environmental stresses, cells may also experience a number of chemical stresses. These may fall into two categories. The first are natural waste products of metabolism and other cellular processes which are secreted by the cell to the surrounding medium. The second are chemicals present in the extracellular medium which do not originate from the cell. Generally, when cells excrete toxic waste products from the concentrated intracellular cytoplasm into the relatively much more dilute extracellular medium, these products dissipate such that extracellular levels of the possibly toxic compound are quite low. However, in large-scale fermentative culture of the bacterium, this may not be the case: so many bacteria are grown in a relatively small environment and at such a high metabolic rate that waste products may accumulate in the medium to nearly toxic levels. Examples of such wastes are carbon dioxide, metal ions, and reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. These compounds may interfere with the activity or structure of cell surface molecules, or may re-enter the cell, where they can seriously damage proteins and nucleic acids alike. Certain other chemicals hazardous to the normal functioning of cells may be naturally found in the extracellular medium. For example, metal ions such as mercury, cadmium, nickel or copper are frequently found in water sources, and may form tight complexes with cellular enzymes which prevent the normal functioning of these proteins.

C. Resistance to Antibiotics

Bacteriocidal proteins or antibiotics, may also be found in the extracellular milieu, either through the intervention of the researcher, or as a natural product from another organism, utilized to gain a competitive advantage. Microorganisms have several art-known mechanisms to protect themselves against antimicrobial chemicals. Degradation, modification, and export of compounds toxic to the cell are common methods by which microorganisms eliminate or detoxify antibiotics. Cytoplasmic ‘efflux-pumps’ are known in several prokaryotes and show similarities to the so-called ‘multidrug resistance’ proteins from higher eukaryotes (Neyfakh, A. A., et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4781-4785). Examples of such proteins include emrAB from E. coli (Lomovskaya, O. and K. Lewis (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 8938-8942), lmrB from B. subtilis (Kumano, M. et al. (1997) Microbiology 143: 2775-2782), smr from S. aureus (Grinius, L. G. et al. (1992) Plasmid 27: 119-129) or cmr from C. glutamicum (Kaidoh, K. et al. (1997) Micro. Drug Resist. 3: 345-350). C. glutamicum itself is non-pathogenic, in contrast to several other members of the genus Corynebacterium, such as C. diphtheriae or C. pseudotuberculosis. Several pathogenic Corynebacteria are known to have multiple resistances against a variety of antibiotics, such as C. jeikeium and C. urealyticum (Soriano, F. et al. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39: 208-214).

Lincosamides are recognized as effective antibiotics against Corynebacterium species (Soriano, F. et al. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39: 208-214). An unexpected result of the present invention was the identification of a gene encoding a lincosamide-resistance protein (in particular, a lincomycin-resistance protein). The LMRB protein from C. glutamicum shows 40% homology to the product of the lmrB gene from B. subtilis (see Genbank accession no. AL009126), as calculated using version 1.7 of the program CLUSTALW (Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., Gibson, T. J. (1994) Nucl. Acids Res. 22: 4673-4680) using standard parameters (PAIRWISE ALIGNMENT PARAMETERS: slow/accurate alignments: Gap Open Penalty=10.00, Gap Extension Penalty=0.10, Protein weight matrix=BLOSUM 30, DNA weight matrix=IUB, Fast/Approximate alignments: Gap penalty=3, K-tuple (word) size=1, No. of top diagonals=5, Window size=5, Toggle Slow/Fast pairwise alignments=slow. Multiple alignment parameters: Gap Opening Penalty=10.00, Gap Extension Penalty=0.05, Delay divergent sequences=40%, DNA transitions weight=0.50, Protein weight matrix=BLOSUM series, DNA weight matrix=IUB, Use negative matrix=OFF).

Environmental stress, chemical stress, and antibiotic or other antimicrobial stress may influence the behavior of the microorganisms during fermentor culture, and may have an impact on the production of the desired compound from these organisms. For example, osmotic stress of a microorganism may cause inappropriate or inappropriately rapid uptake of one or more compounds which can ultimately lead to cellular damage or death due to osmotic shock. Similarly, chemicals present in the culture, either exogenously added (e.g., antimicrobial compounds intended to eliminate unwanted microbes) or generated by the bacteria themselves (e.g., waste compounds such as heavy metals or oxygen radicals, or even antimicrobial compounds) may result in inhibition of fine chemical production or even death of the organism. The genes of the invention encode C. glutamicum proteins which act to prevent cell damage or death, by specifically counteracting the source or effect of the environmental or chemical stress.

III. Elements and Methods of the Invention

The present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as SRT nucleic acid and protein molecules, which increase the ability of C. glutamicum to survive in chemically or environmentally hazardous settings. In one embodiment, the SRT molecules function to confer resistance to one or more environmental or chemical stresses to C. glutamicum. In a preferred embodiment, the activity of the SRT molecules of the present invention has an impact on the production of a desired fine chemical by this organism. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the SRT molecules of the invention are modulated in activity, such that the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more fine chemicals from C. glutamicum is also modulated.

The language, “SRT protein” or “SRT polypeptide” includes proteins which participate in the resistance of C. glutamicum to one or more environmental or chemical stresses. Examples of SRT proteins include those encoded by the SRT genes set forth in Table 1 and Appendix A. The terms “SRT gene” or “SRT nucleic acid sequence” include nucleic acid sequences encoding an SRT protein, which consist of a coding region and also corresponding untranslated 5′ and 3′ sequence regions. Examples of SRT genes include those set forth in Table 1. The terms “production” or “productivity” are art-recognized and include the concentration of the fermentation product (for example, the desired fine chemical) formed within a given time and a given fermentation volume (e.g., kg product per hour per liter). The term “efficiency of production” includes the time required for a particular level of production to be achieved (for example, how long it takes for the cell to attain a particular rate of output of a fine chemical). The term “yield” or “product/carbon yield” is art-recognized and includes the efficiency of the conversion of the carbon source into the product (i.e., fine chemical). This is generally written as, for example, kg product per kg carbon source. By increasing the yield or production of the compound, the quantity of recovered molecules, or of useful recovered molecules of that compound in a given amount of culture over a given amount of time is increased. The terms “biosynthesis” or a “biosynthetic pathway” are art-recognized and include the synthesis of a compound, preferably an organic compound, by a cell from intermediate compounds in what may be a multistep and highly regulated process. The terms “degradation” or a “degradation pathway” are art-recognized and include the breakdown of a compound, preferably an organic compound, by a cell to degradation products (generally speaking, smaller or less complex molecules) in what may be a multistep and highly regulated process. The language “metabolism” is art-recognized and includes the totality of the biochemical reactions that take place in an organism. The metabolism of a particular compound, then, (e.g., the metabolism of an amino acid such as glycine) comprises the overall biosynthetic, modification, and degradation pathways in the cell related to this compound. The terms “resistance” and “tolerance” are art-known and include the ability of a cell to not be affected by exposure to a chemical or an environment which would otherwise be detrimental to the normal functioning of these organisms. The terms “stress” or “hazard” include factors which are detrimental to the normal functioning of cells such as C. glutamicum. Examples of stresses include “chemical stress”, in which a cell is exposed to one or more chemicals which are detrimental to the cell, and “environmental stress” where a cell is exposed to an environmental condition outside of those to which it is adapted. Chemical stresses may be either natural metabolic waste products such as, but not limited to reactive oxygen species or carbon dioxide, or chemicals otherwise present in the environment, including, but not limited to heavy metal ions or bacteriocidal proteins such as antibiotics. Environmental stresses may be, but are not limited to temperatures outside of the normal range, suboptimal oxygen availability, osmotic pressures, or extremes of pH, for example.

In another embodiment, the SRT molecules of the invention are capable of modulating the production of a desired molecule, such as a fine chemical, in a microorganism such as C. glutamicum. Using recombinant genetic techniques, one or more of the SRT proteins of the invention may be manipulated such that its function is modulated. The alteration of activity of stress response, resistance or tolerance genes such that the cell is increased in tolerance to one or more stresses may improve the ability of that cell to grow and multiply in the relatively stressful conditions of large-scale fermentor culture. For example, by overexpressing or engineering a heat-shock induced chaperone molecule such that it is optimized in activity, one may increase the ability of the bacterium to correctly fold proteins in the face of nonoptimal temperature conditions. By having fewer misfolded (and possibly misregulated or nonfunctional) proteins, the cell is increased in its ability to function normally in such a culture, which should in turn provide increased viability. This overall increase in number of cells having greater viability and activity in the culture should also result in an increase in the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more desired fine chemicals, due at least to the relatively greater number of cells producing these chemicals in the culture.

The isolated nucleic acid sequences of the invention are contained within the genome of a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain available through the American Type Culture Collection, given designation ATCC 13032. The nucleotide sequence of the isolated C. glutamicum SRT DNAs and the predicted amino acid sequences of the C. glutamicum SRT proteins are shown in Appendices A and B, respectively. Computational analyses were performed which classified and/or identified these nucleotide sequences as sequences which encode chemical and environmental stress, resistance, and tolerance proteins.

The present invention also pertains to proteins which have an amino acid sequence which is substantially homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B. As used herein, a protein which has an amino acid sequence which is substantially homologous to a selected amino acid sequence is least about 50% homologous to the selected amino acid sequence, e.g., the entire selected amino acid sequence. A protein which has an amino acid sequence which is substantially homologous to a selected amino acid sequence can also be least about 50-60%, preferably at least about 60-70%, and more preferably at least about 70-80%, 80-90%, or 90-95%, and most preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to the selected amino acid sequence. Ranges and identity values intermediate to the above-recited values, (e.g., 75%-80% identical, 85-87% identical, 91-92% identical) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. For example, ranges of identity values using a combination of any of the above values recited as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included.

The SRT proteins or biologically active portions or fragments thereof of the invention can confer resistance or tolerance to one or more chemical or environmental stresses, or may have one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1.

Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections:

A. Isolated Nucleic Acid Molecules

One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode SRT polypeptides or biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments sufficient for use as hybridization probes or primers for the identification or amplification of SRT-encoding nucleic acid (e.g., SRT DNA). As used herein, the term “nucleic acid molecule” is intended to include DNA molecules (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA) and analogs of the DNA or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs. This term also encompasses untranslated sequence located at both the 3′ and 5′ ends of the coding region of the gene: at least about 100 nucleotides of sequence upstream from the 5′ end of the coding region and at least about 20 nucleotides of sequence downstream from the 3′ end of the coding region of the gene. The nucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably is double-stranded DNA. An “isolated” nucleic acid molecule is one which is separated from other nucleic acid molecules which are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid. Preferably, an “isolated” nucleic acid is free of sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated SRT nucleic acid molecule can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA of the cell from which the nucleic acid is derived (e.g, a C. glutamicum cell). Moreover, an “isolated” nucleic acid molecule, such as a DNA molecule, can be substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.

A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, e.g., a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A, or a portion thereof, can be isolated using standard molecular biology techniques and the sequence information provided herein. For example, a C. glutamicum SRT DNA can be isolated from a C. glutamicum library using all or portion of one of the sequences of Appendix A as a hybridization probe and standard hybridization techniques (e.g., as described in Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). Moreover, a nucleic acid molecule encompassing all or a portion of one of the sequences of Appendix A can be isolated by the polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed based upon this sequence (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule encompassing all or a portion of one of the sequences of Appendix A can be isolated by the polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed based upon this same sequence of Appendix A). For example, mRNA can be isolated from normal endothelial cells (e.g., by the guanidinium-thiocyanate extraction procedure of Chirgwin et al. (1979) Biochemistry 18: 5294-5299) and DNA can be prepared using reverse transcriptase (e.g., Moloney MLV reverse transcriptase, available from Gibco/BRL, Bethesda, Md.; or AMV reverse transcriptase, available from Seikagaku America, Inc., St. Petersburg, Fla.). Synthetic oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification can be designed based upon one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A. A nucleic acid of the invention can be amplified using cDNA or, alternatively, genomic DNA, as a template and appropriate oligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplification techniques. The nucleic acid so amplified can be cloned into an appropriate vector and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. Furthermore, oligonucleotides corresponding to an SRT nucleotide sequence can be prepared by standard synthetic techniques, e.g., using an automated DNA synthesizer.

In a preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A. The sequences of Appendix A correspond to the Corynebacterium glutamicum SRT DNAs of the invention. This DNA comprises sequences encoding SRT proteins (i.e., the “coding region”, indicated in each sequence in Appendix A), as well as 5′ untranslated sequences and 3′ untranslated sequences, also indicated in Appendix A. Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the coding region of any of the sequences in Appendix A.

For the purposes of this application, it will be understood that each of the sequences set forth in Appendix A has an identifying RXA, RXN, or RXSnumber having the designation “RXA”, “RXN”, or “RXS” followed by 5 digits (i.e., RXA01524, RXN00493, or RXS01027). Each of these sequences comprises up to three parts: a 5′ upstream region, a coding region, and a downstream region. Each of these three regions is identified by the same RXA, RXN, or RXS designation to eliminate confusion. The recitation “one of the sequences in Appendix A”, then, refers to any of the sequences in Appendix A, which may be distinguished by their differing RXA, RXN, or RXS designations. The coding region of each of these sequences is translated into a corresponding amino acid sequence, which is set forth in Appendix B. The sequences of Appendix B are identified by the same RXA, RXN, or RXS designations as Appendix A, such that they can be readily correlated. For example, the amino acid sequence in Appendix B designated RXA01524 is a translation of the coding region of the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acid molecule RXA01524 in Appendix A, the amino acid sequence in Appendix B designated RXN00034 is a translation of the coding region of the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acid molecule RXN00034 in Appendix A, and the amino acid sequence in Appendix B designated RXS00568 is a translation of the coding region of the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acid molecule RXS00568 in Appendix A. Each of the RXA, RXN, and RXS nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the invention has also been assigned a SEQ ID NO, as indicated in Table 1.

Several of the genes of the invention are “F-designated genes”. An F-designated gene includes those genes set forth in Table 1 which have an ‘F’ in front of the RXA, RXN, or RXS designation. For example, SEQ ID NO:7, designated, as indicated on Table 1, as “F RXA00498”, is an F-designated gene, as are SEQ ID NOs: 25, 33, and 37 (designated on Table 1 as “F RXA01345”, “F RXA02543”, and “F RXA02282”, respectively).

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are not intended to include those compiled in Table 2. In the case of the dapD gene, a sequence for this gene was published in Wehrmann, A., et al. (1998) J. Bacteriol. 180(12): 3159-3165. However, the sequence obtained by the inventors of the present application is significantly longer than the published version. It is believed that the published version relied on an incorrect start codon, and thus represents only a fragment of the actual coding region.

In another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which is a complement of one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A, or a portion thereof. A nucleic acid molecule which is complementary to one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A is one which is sufficiently complementary to one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A such that it can hybridize to one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A, thereby forming a stable duplex.

In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60%, preferably at least about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%%, more preferably at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90%, or 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to a nucleotide sequence shown in Appendix A, or a portion thereof. Ranges and identity values intermediate to the above-recited ranges, (e.g., 70-90% identical or 80-95% identical) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. For example, ranges of identity values using a combination of any of the above values recited as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included. In an additional preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, e.g., hybridizes under stringent conditions, to one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A, or a portion thereof.

Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can comprise only a portion of the coding region of one of the sequences in Appendix A, for example a fragment which can be used as a probe or primer or a fragment encoding a biologically active portion of an SRT protein. The nucleotide sequences determined from the cloning of the SRT genes from C. glutamicum allows for the generation of probes and primers designed for use in identifying and/or cloning SRT homologues in other cell types and organisms, as well as SRT homologues from other Corynebacteria or related species. The probe/primer typically comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12, preferably about 25, more preferably about 40, 50 or 75 consecutive nucleotides of a sense strand of one of the sequences set forth in Appendix A, an anti-sense sequence of one of the sequences set forth in Appendix A, or naturally occurring mutants thereof. Primers based on a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A can be used in PCR reactions to clone SRT homologues. Probes based on the SRT nucleotide sequences can be used to detect transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologous proteins. In preferred embodiments, the probe further comprises a label group attached thereto, e.g. the label group can be a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme co-factor. Such probes can be used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells which misexpress an SRT protein, such as by measuring a level of an SRT-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells, e.g., detecting SRT mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic SRT gene has been mutated or deleted.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention encodes a protein or portion thereof which includes an amino acid sequence which is sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof maintains the ability to confer resistance or tolerance of C. glutamicum to one or more chemical or environmental stresses. As used herein, the language “sufficiently homologous” refers to proteins or portions thereof which have amino acid sequences which include a minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid residue which has a similar side chain as an amino acid residue in one of the sequences of Appendix B) amino acid residues to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof is capable of participating in the resistance of C. glutamicum to one or more chemical or environmental stresses. Protein members of such metabolic pathways, as described herein, function to increase the resistance or tolerance of C. glutamicum to one or more environmental or chemical hazards or stresses. Examples of such activities are also described herein. Thus, “the function of an SRT protein” contributes to the overall resistance of C. glutamicum to elements of its surroundings which may impede its normal growth or functioning, and/or contributes, either directly or indirectly, to the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more fine chemicals. Examples of SRT protein activities are set forth in Table 1.

In another embodiment, the protein is at least about 50-60%, preferably at least about 60-70%, and more preferably at least about 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and most preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B. Ranges and identity values intermediate to the above-recited values, (e.g., 75%-80% identical, 85-87% identical, or 91-92% identical) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. For example, ranges of identity values using a combination of any of the above values recited as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included.

Portions of proteins encoded by the SRT nucleic acid molecules of the invention are preferably biologically active portions of one of the SRT proteins. As used herein, the term “biologically active portion of an SRT protein” is intended to include a portion, e.g., a domain/motif, of an SRT protein that is capable of imparting resistance or tolerance to one or more environmental or chemical stresses or hazards, or has an activity as set forth in Table 1. To determine whether an SRT protein or a biologically active portion thereof can increase the resistance or tolerance of C. glutamicum to one or more chemical or environmental stresses or hazards, an assay of enzymatic activity may be performed. Such assay methods are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, as detailed in Example 8 of the Exemplification.

Additional nucleic acid fragments encoding biologically active portions of an SRT protein can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the sequences in Appendix B, expressing the encoded portion of the SRT protein or peptide (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the SRT protein or peptide.

The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules that differ from one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A (and portions thereof) due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same SRT protein as that encoded by the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence shown in Appendix B. In a still further embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention encodes a full length C. glutamicum protein which is substantially homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B (encoded by an open reading frame shown in Appendix A).

It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that in one embodiment the sequences of the invention are not meant to include the sequences of the prior art, such as those Genbank sequences set forth in Tables 2 or 4 which were available prior to the present invention. In one embodiment, the invention includes nucleotide and amino acid sequences having a percent identity to a nucleotide or amino acid sequence of the invention which is greater than that of a sequence of the prior art (e.g., a Genbank sequence (or the protein encoded by such a sequence) set forth in Tables 2 or 4). For example, the invention includes a nucleotide sequence which is greater than and/or at least 39% identical to the nucleotide sequence designated RXA00084 (SEQ ID NO: 189), a nucleotide sequence which is greater than and/or at least 56% identical to the nucleotide sequence designated RXA00605 (SEQ ID NO:11), and a nucleotide sequence which is greater than and/or at least 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence designated RXA00886 (SEQ ID NO:39). One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to calculate the lower threshold of percent identity for any given sequence of the invention by examining the GAP-calculated percent identity scores set forth in Table 4 for each of the three top hits for the given sequence, and by subtracting the highest GAP-calculated percent identity from 100 percent. One of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that nucleic acid and amino acid sequences having percent identities greater than the lower threshold so calculated (e.g., at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60%, preferably at least about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, more preferably at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90%, or 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical) are also encompassed by the invention.

In addition to the C. glutamicum SRT nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that DNA sequence polymorphisms that lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of SRT proteins may exist within a population (e.g., the C. glutamicum population). Such genetic polymorphism in the SRT gene may exist among individuals within a population due to natural variation. As used herein, the terms “gene” and “recombinant gene” refer to nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame encoding an SRT protein, preferably a C. glutamicum SRT protein. Such natural variations can typically result in 1-5% variance in the nucleotide sequence of the SRT gene. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms in SRT that are the result of natural variation and that do not alter the functional activity of SRT proteins are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural variants and non-C. glutamicum homologues of the C. glutamicum SRT DNA of the invention can be isolated based on their homology to the C. glutamicum SRT nucleic acid disclosed herein using the C. glutamicum DNA, or a portion thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions. Accordingly, in another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is at least 15 nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid is at least 30, 50, 100, 250 or more nucleotides in length. As used herein, the term “hybridizes under stringent conditions” is intended to describe conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences at least 60% homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other. Preferably, the conditions are such that sequences at least about 65%, more preferably at least about 70%, and even more preferably at least about 75% or more homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other. Such stringent conditions are known to those of ordinary skill in the art in the art and can be found in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. A preferred, non-limiting example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by one or more washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50-65° C. Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a sequence of Appendix A corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, a “naturally-occurring” nucleic acid molecule refers to an RNA or DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence that occurs in nature (e.g., encodes a natural protein). In one embodiment, the nucleic acid encodes a natural C. glutamicum SRT protein.

In addition to naturally-occurring variants of the SRT sequence that may exist in the population, one of ordinary skill in the art will further appreciate that changes can be introduced by mutation into a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A, thereby leading to changes in the amino acid sequence of the encoded SRT protein, without altering the functional ability of the SRT protein. For example, nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid substitutions at “non-essential” amino acid residues can be made in a sequence of Appendix A. A “non-essential” amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild-type sequence of one of the SRT proteins (Appendix B) without altering the activity of said SRT protein, whereas an “essential” amino acid residue is required for SRT protein activity. Other amino acid residues, however, (e.g., those that are not conserved or only semi-conserved in the domain having SRT activity) may not be essential for activity and thus are likely to be amenable to alteration without altering SRT activity.

Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains to nucleic acid molecules encoding SRT proteins that contain changes in amino acid residues that are not essential for SRT activity. Such SRT proteins differ in amino acid sequence from a sequence contained in Appendix B yet retain at least one of the SRT activities described herein. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein, wherein the protein comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50% homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B and is capable of increasing the resistance or tolerance of C. glutamicum to one or more environmental or chemical stresses, or has one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1. Preferably, the protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule is at least about 50-60% homologous to one of the sequences in Appendix B, more preferably at least about 60-70% homologous to one of the sequences in Appendix B, even more preferably at least about 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95% homologous to one of the sequences in Appendix B, and most preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% homologous to one of the sequences in Appendix B.

To determine the percent homology of two amino acid sequences (e.g., one of the sequences of Appendix B and a mutant form thereof) or of two nucleic acids, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of one protein or nucleic acid for optimal alignment with the other protein or nucleic acid). The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in one sequence (e.g., one of the sequences of Appendix B) is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the other sequence (e.g., a mutant form of the sequence selected from Appendix B), then the molecules are homologous at that position (i.e., as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “homology” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “identity”). The percent homology between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % homology=# of identical positions/total # of positions×100).

An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an SRT protein homologous to a protein sequence of Appendix B can be created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions or deletions into a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A such that one or more amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions are introduced into the encoded protein. Mutations can be introduced into one of the sequences of Appendix A by standard techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Preferably, conservative amino acid substitutions are made at one or more predicted non-essential amino acid residues. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a predicted nonessential amino acid residue in an SRT protein is preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. Alternatively, in another embodiment, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of an SRT coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for an SRT activity described herein to identify mutants that retain SRT activity. Following mutagenesis of one of the sequences of Appendix A, the encoded protein can be expressed recombinantly and the activity of the protein can be determined using, for example, assays described herein (see Example 8 of the Exemplification).

In addition to the nucleic acid molecules encoding SRT proteins described above, another aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules which are antisense thereto. An “antisense” nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a “sense” nucleic acid encoding a protein, e.g., complementary to the coding strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule or complementary to an mRNA sequence. Accordingly, an antisense nucleic acid can hydrogen bond to a sense nucleic acid. The antisense nucleic acid can be complementary to an entire SRT coding strand, or to only a portion thereof. In one embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a “coding region” of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding an SRT protein. The term “coding region” refers to the region of the nucleotide sequence comprising codons which are translated into amino acid residues (e.g., the entire coding region of SEQ ID NO.: 120 (RXA00600) comprises nucleotides 1 to 1098). In another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a “noncoding region” of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding SRT. The term “noncoding region” refers to 5′ and 3′ sequences which flank the coding region that are not translated into amino acids (i.e., also referred to as 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions).

Given the coding strand sequences encoding SRT disclosed herein (e.g., the sequences set forth in Appendix A), antisense nucleic acids of the invention can be designed according to the rules of Watson and Crick base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to the entire coding region of SRT mRNA, but more preferably is an oligonucleotide which is antisense to only a portion of the coding or noncoding region of SRT mRNA. For example, the antisense oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region surrounding the translation start site of SRT mRNA. An antisense oligonucleotide can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides in length. An antisense nucleic acid of the invention can be constructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide) can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides can be used. Examples of modified nucleotides which can be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid include 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest, described further in the following subsection).

The antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention are typically administered to a cell or generated in situ such that they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding an SRT protein to thereby inhibit expression of the protein, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule which binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. The antisense molecule can be modified such that it specifically binds to a receptor or an antigen expressed on a selected cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisense nucleic acid molecule to a peptide or an antibody which binds to a cell surface receptor or antigen. The antisense nucleic acid molecule can also be delivered to cells using the vectors described herein. To achieve sufficient intracellular concentrations of the antisense molecules, vector constructs in which the antisense nucleic acid molecule is placed under the control of a strong prokaryotic, viral, or eukaryotic promoter are preferred.

In yet another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid molecule of the invention is an α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids. Res. 15:6625-6641). The antisense nucleic acid molecule can also comprise a 2′-o-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al. (1987) FEBS Lett. 215:327-330).

In still another embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid of the invention is a ribozyme. Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity which are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described in Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334:585-591)) can be used to catalytically cleave SRT mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of SRT mRNA. A ribozyme having specificity for an SRT-encoding nucleic acid can be designed based upon the nucleotide sequence of an SRT cDNA disclosed herein (i.e., SEQ ID NO:119 (RXA00600 in Appendix A)). For example, a derivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of the active site is complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved in an SRT-encoding mRNA. See, e.g., Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071 and Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,742. Alternatively, SRT mRNA can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Bartel, D. and Szostak, J. W. (1993) Science 261:1411-1418.

Alternatively, SRT gene expression can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of an SRT nucleotide sequence (e.g., an SRT promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of an SRT gene in target cells. See generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36; and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioassays 14(12):807-15.

B. Recombinant Expression Vectors and Host Cells

Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, preferably expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid encoding an SRT protein (or a portion thereof). As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors”. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

The recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operably linked” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner which allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell). The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory sequences include those which direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those which direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells. Preferred regulatory sequences are, for example, promoters such as cos-, tac-, trp-, tet-, trp-tet-, lpp-, lac-, lpp-lac-, lacI^(q)-, T7-, T5-, T3-, gal-, trc-, ara-, SP6-, arny, SPO2, λ-P_(R)- or λ P_(L), which are used preferably in bacteria. Additional regulatory sequences are, for example, promoters from yeasts and fungi, such as ADC 1, MFα, AC, P-60, CYC 1, GAPDH, TEF, rp28, ADH, promoters from plants such as CaMV/35S, SSU, OCS, lib4, usp, STLS1, B33, nos or ubiquitin- or phaseolin-promoters. It is also possible to use artificial promoters. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., SRT proteins, mutant forms of SRT proteins, fusion proteins, etc.).

The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be designed for expression of SRT proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. For example, SRT genes can be expressed in bacterial cells such as C. glutamicum, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast and other fungal cells (see Romanos, M. A. et al. (1992) “Foreign gene expression in yeast: a review”, Yeast 8: 423-488; van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. et al. (1991) “Heterologous gene expression in filamentous fungi” in: More Gene Manipulations in Fungi, J. W. Bennet & L. L. Lasure, eds., p. 396-428: Academic Press: San Diego; and van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. & Punt, P. J. (1991) “Gene transfer systems and vector development for filamentous fungi, in: Applied Molecular Genetics of Fungi, Peberdy, J. F. et al., eds., p. 1-28, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge), algae and multicellular plant cells (see Schmidt, R. and Willmitzer, L. (1988) High efficiency Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf and cotyledon explants” Plant Cell Rep.: 583-586), or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.

Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried out with vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters directing the expression of either fusion or non-fusion proteins. Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein. Such fusion vectors typically serve three purposes: 1) to increase expression of recombinant protein;

2) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and 3) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification. Often, in fusion expression vectors, a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Such enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences, include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase.

Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith, D. B. and Johnson, K. S. (1988) Gene 67:31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein. In one embodiment, the coding sequence of the SRT protein is cloned into a pGEX expression vector to create a vector encoding a fusion protein comprising, from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, GST-thrombin cleavage site-X protein. The fusion protein can be purified by affinity chromatography using glutathione-agarose resin. Recombinant SRT protein unfused to GST can be recovered by cleavage of the fusion protein with thrombin.

Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301-315) pLG338, pACYC184, pBR322, pUC18, pUC19, pKC30, pRep4, pHS1, pHS2, pPLc236, pMBL24, pLG200, pUR290, pIN-III113-B1, λgt11, pBdC1, and pET 11d (Studier et al., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89; and Pouwels et al., eds. (1985) Cloning Vectors. Elsevier: New York IBSN 0 444 904018). Target gene expression from the pTrc vector relies on host RNA polymerase transcription from a hybrid trp-lac fusion promoter. Target gene expression from the pET 11d vector relies on transcription from a T7 gn10-lac fusion promoter mediated by a coexpressed viral RNA polymerase (T7 gn1). This viral polymerase is supplied by host strains BL21 (DE3) or HMS 174(DE3) from a resident λ prophage harboring a T7 gn1 gene under the transcriptional control of the lacUV 5 promoter. For transformation of other varieties of bacteria, appropriate vectors may be selected. For example, the plasmids pIJ101, pIJ364, pIJ702 and pIJ361 are known to be useful in transforming Streptomyces, while plasmids pUB110, pC194, or pBD214 are suited for transformation of Bacillus species. Several plasmids of use in the transfer of genetic information into Corynebacterium include pHM1519, pBL1, pSA77, or pAJ667 (Pouwels et al., eds. (1985) Cloning Vectors. Elsevier: New York IBSN 0 444 904018).

One strategy to maximize recombinant protein expression is to express the protein in a host bacteria with an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein (Gottesman, S., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 119-128). Another strategy is to alter the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid to be inserted into an expression vector so that the individual codons for each amino acid are those preferentially utilized in the bacterium chosen for expression, such as C. glutamicum (Wada et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111-2118). Such alteration of nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be carried out by standard DNA synthesis techniques.

In another embodiment, the SRT protein expression vector is a yeast expression vector. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae include pYepSec1 (Baldari, et al., (1987) Embo J. 6:229-234), 2μ, pAG-1, Yep6, Yep13, pEMBLYe23, pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz, (1982) Cell 30:933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., (1987) Gene 54:113-123), and pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.). Vectors and methods for the construction of vectors appropriate for use in other fungi, such as the filamentous fungi, include those detailed in: van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. & Punt, P. J. (1991) “Gene transfer systems and vector development for filamentous fungi, in: Applied Molecular Genetics of Fungi, J. F. Peberdy, et al., eds., p. 1-28, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, and Pouwels et al., eds. (1985) Cloning Vectors. Elsevier: New York (IBSN 0 444 904018).

Alternatively, the SRT proteins of the invention can be expressed in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors. Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf 9 cells) include the pAc series (Smith et al. (1983) Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers (1989) Virology 170:31-39).

In another embodiment, the SRT proteins of the invention may be expressed in unicellular plant cells (such as algae) or in plant cells from higher plants (e.g., the spermatophytes, such as crop plants). Examples of plant expression vectors include those detailed in: Becker, D., Kemper, E., Schell, J. and Masterson, R. (1992) “New plant binary vectors with selectable markers located proximal to the left border”, Plant Mol. Biol. 20: 1195-1197; and Bevan, M. W. (1984) “Binary Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation”, Nucl. Acid. Res. 12: 8711-8721, and include pLGV23, pGHlac+, pBIN19, pAK2004, and pDH51 (Pouwels et al., eds. (1985) Cloning Vectors. Elsevier: New York IBSN 0 444 904018).

In yet another embodiment, a nucleic acid of the invention is expressed in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, B. (1987) Nature 329:840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:187-195). When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functions are often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus and Simian Virus 40. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells see chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.

In another embodiment, the recombinant mammalian expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid). Tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert et al. (1987) Genes Dev. 1:268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame and Eaton (1988) Adv. Immunol. 43:235-275), in particular promoters of T cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore (1989) EMBO J. 8:729-733) and immunoglobulins (Banerji et al. (1983) Cell 33:729-740; Queen and Baltimore (1983) Cell 33:741-748), neuron-specific promoters (e.g., the neurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle (1989) PNAS 86:5473-5477), pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund et al. (1985) Science 230:912-916), and mammary gland-specific promoters (e.g., milk whey promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European Application Publication No. 264,166). Developmentally-regulated promoters are also encompassed, for example the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss (1990) Science 249:374-379) and the α-fetoprotein promoter (Campes and Tilghman (1989) Genes Dev. 3:537-546).

The invention further provides a recombinant expression vector comprising a DNA molecule of the invention cloned into the expression vector in an antisense orientation. That is, the DNA molecule is operatively linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner which allows for expression (by transcription of the DNA molecule) of an RNA molecule which is antisense to SRT mRNA. Regulatory sequences operatively linked to a nucleic acid cloned in the antisense orientation can be chosen which direct the continuous expression of the antisense RNA molecule in a variety of cell types, for instance viral promoters and/or enhancers, or regulatory sequences can be chosen which direct constitutive, tissue specific or cell type specific expression of antisense RNA. The antisense expression vector can be in the form of a recombinant plasmid, phagemid or attenuated virus in which antisense nucleic acids are produced under the control of a high efficiency regulatory region, the activity of which can be determined by the cell type into which the vector is introduced. For a discussion of the regulation of gene expression using antisense genes see Weintraub, H. et al., Antisense RNA as a molecular tool for genetic analysis, Reviews—Trends in Genetics, Vol. 1(1) 1986.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to host cells into which a recombinant expression vector of the invention has been introduced. The terms “host cell” and “recombinant host cell” are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.

A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, an SRT protein can be expressed in bacterial cells such as C. glutamicum, insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Microorganisms related to Corynebacterium glutamicum which may be conveniently used as host cells for the nucleic acid and protein molecules of the invention are set forth in Table 3.

Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques. As used herein, the terms “transformation” and “transfection” are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., linear DNA or RNA (e.g., a linearized vector or a gene construct alone without a vector) or nucleic acid in the form of a vector (e.g., a plasmid, phage, phasmid, phagemid, transposon or other DNA)) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation. Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), and other laboratory manuals.

For stable transfection of mammalian cells, it is known that, depending upon the expression vector and transfection technique used, only a small fraction of cells may integrate the foreign DNA into their genome. In order to identify and select these integrants, a gene that encodes a selectable marker (e.g., resistance to antibiotics) is generally introduced into the host cells along with the gene of interest. Preferred selectable markers include those which confer resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin and methotrexate. Nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a host cell on the same vector as that encoding an SRT protein or can be introduced on a separate vector. Cells stably transfected with the introduced nucleic acid can be identified by drug selection (e.g., cells that have incorporated the selectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells die).

To create a homologous recombinant microorganism, a vector is prepared which contains at least a portion of an SRT gene into which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the SRT gene. Preferably, this SRT gene is a Corynebacterium glutamicum SRT gene, but it can be a homologue from a related bacterium or even from a mammalian, yeast, or insect source. In a preferred embodiment, the vector is designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous SRT gene is functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional protein; also referred to as a “knock out” vector). Alternatively, the vector can be designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous SRT gene is mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional protein (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter the expression of the endogenous SRT protein). In the homologous recombination vector, the altered portion of the SRT gene is flanked at its 5′ and 3′ ends by additional nucleic acid of the SRT gene to allow for homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous SRT gene carried by the vector and an endogenous SRT gene in a microorganism. The additional flanking SRT nucleic acid is of sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both at the 5′ and 3′ ends) are included in the vector (see e.g, Thomas, K. R., and Capecchi, M. R. (1987) Cell 51: 503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors). The vector is introduced into a microorganism (e.g., by electroporation) and cells in which the introduced SRT gene has homologously recombined with the endogenous SRT gene are selected, using art-known techniques.

In another embodiment, recombinant microorganisms can be produced which contain selected systems which allow for regulated expression of the introduced gene. For example, inclusion of an SRT gene on a vector placing it under control of the lac operon permits expression of the SRT gene only in the presence of IPTG. Such regulatory systems are well known in the art.

In another embodiment, an endogenous SRT gene in a host cell is disrupted (e.g., by homologous recombination or other genetic means known in the art) such that expression of its protein product does not occur. In another embodiment, an endogenous or introduced SRT gene in a host cell has been altered by one or more point mutations, deletions, or inversions, but still encodes a functional SRT protein. In still another embodiment, one or more of the regulatory regions (e.g., a promoter, repressor, or inducer) of an SRT gene in a microorganism has been altered (e.g., by deletion, truncation, inversion, or point mutation) such that the expression of the SRT gene is modulated. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that host cells containing more than one of the described SRT gene and protein modifications may be readily produced using the methods of the invention, and are meant to be included in the present invention.

A host cell of the invention, such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e., express) an SRT protein. Accordingly, the invention further provides methods for producing SRT proteins using the host cells of the invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises culturing the host cell of invention (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding an SRT protein has been introduced, or into which genome has been introduced a gene encoding a wild-type or altered SRT protein) in a suitable medium until SRT protein is produced. In another embodiment, the method further comprises isolating SRT proteins from the medium or the host cell.

C. Isolated SRT Proteins

Another aspect of the invention pertains to isolated SRT proteins, and biologically active portions thereof. An “isolated” or “purified” protein or biologically active portion thereof is substantially free of cellular material when produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. The language “substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of SRT protein in which the protein is separated from cellular components of the cells in which it is naturally or recombinantly produced. In one embodiment, the language “substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of SRT protein having less than about 30% (by dry weight) of non-SRT protein (also referred to herein as a “contaminating protein”), more preferably less than about 20% of non-SRT protein, still more preferably less than about 10% of non-SRT protein, and most preferably less than about 5% non-SRT protein. When the SRT protein or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, it is also preferably substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about 20%, more preferably less than about 10%, and most preferably less than about 5% of the volume of the protein preparation. The language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of SRT protein in which the protein is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals which are involved in the synthesis of the protein. In one embodiment, the language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of SRT protein having less than about 30% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-SRT chemicals, more preferably less than about 20% chemical precursors or non-SRT chemicals, still more preferably less than about 10% chemical precursors or non-SRT chemicals, and most preferably less than about 5% chemical precursors or non-SRT chemicals. In preferred embodiments, isolated proteins or biologically active portions thereof lack contaminating proteins from the same organism from which the SRT protein is derived. Typically, such proteins are produced by recombinant expression of, for example, a C. glutamicum SRT protein in a microorganism such as C. glutamicum.

An isolated SRT protein or a portion thereof of the invention can contribute to the resistance or tolerance of C. glutamicum to one or more chemical or environmental stresses or hazards, or has one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1. In preferred embodiments, the protein or portion thereof comprises an amino acid sequence which is sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof maintains the ability to mediate the resistance or tolerance of C. glutamicum to one or more chemical or environmental stresses or hazards. The portion of the protein is preferably a biologically active portion as described herein. In another preferred embodiment, an SRT protein of the invention has an amino acid sequence shown in Appendix B. In yet another preferred embodiment, the SRT protein has an amino acid sequence which is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, e.g., hybridizes under stringent conditions, to a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A. In still another preferred embodiment, the SRT protein has an amino acid sequence which is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60%, preferably at least about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, more preferably at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90%, or 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to one of the nucleic acid sequences of Appendix A, or a portion thereof. Ranges and identity values intermediate to the above-recited values, (e.g., 70-90% identical or 80-95% identical) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. For example, ranges of identity values using a combination of any of the above values recited as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included. The preferred SRT proteins of the present invention also preferably possess at least one of the SRT activities described herein. For example, a preferred SRT protein of the present invention includes an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, e.g., hybridizes under stringent conditions, to a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A, and which can increase the resistance or tolerance of C. glutamicum to one or more environmental or chemical stresses, or which has one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1.

In other embodiments, the SRT protein is substantially homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B and retains the functional activity of the protein of one of the sequences of Appendix B yet differs in amino acid sequence due to natural variation or mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. Accordingly, in another embodiment, the SRT protein is a protein which comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60%, preferably at least about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, more preferably at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90%, or 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B and which has at least one of the SRT activities described herein. Ranges and identity values intermediate to the above-recited values, (e.g., 70-90% identical or 80-95% identical) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. For example, ranges of identity values using a combination of any of the above values recited as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included. In another embodiment, the invention pertains to a full length C. glutamicum protein which is substantially homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B.

Biologically active portions of an SRT protein include peptides comprising amino acid sequences derived from the amino acid sequence of an SRT protein, e.g., an amino acid sequence shown in Appendix B or the amino acid sequence of a protein homologous to an SRT protein, which include fewer amino acids than a full length SRT protein or the full length protein which is homologous to an SRT protein, and exhibit at least one activity of an SRT protein. Typically, biologically active portions (peptides, e.g., peptides which are, for example, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 100 or more amino acids in length) comprise a domain or motif with at least one activity of an SRT protein. Moreover, other biologically active portions, in which other regions of the protein are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated for one or more of the activities described herein. Preferably, the biologically active portions of an SRT protein include one or more selected domains/motifs or portions thereof having biological activity.

SRT proteins are preferably produced by recombinant DNA techniques. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein is cloned into an expression vector (as described above), the expression vector is introduced into a host cell (as described above) and the SRT protein is expressed in the host cell. The SRT protein can then be isolated from the cells by an appropriate purification scheme using standard protein purification techniques. Alternative to recombinant expression, an SRT protein, polypeptide, or peptide can be synthesized chemically using standard peptide synthesis techniques. Moreover, native SRT protein can be isolated from cells (e.g., endothelial cells), for example using an anti-SRT antibody, which can be produced by standard techniques utilizing an SRT protein or fragment thereof of this invention.

The invention also provides SRT chimeric or fusion proteins. As used herein, an SRT “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” comprises an SRT polypeptide operatively linked to a non-SRT polypeptide. An “SRT polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to SRT, whereas a “non-SRT polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to a protein which is not substantially homologous to the SRT protein, e.g., a protein which is different from the SRT protein and which is derived from the same or a different organism. Within the fusion protein, the term “operatively linked” is intended to indicate that the SRT polypeptide and the non-SRT polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. The non-SRT polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the SRT polypeptide. For example, in one embodiment the fusion protein is a GST-SRT fusion protein in which the SRT sequences are fused to the C-terminus of the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purification of recombinant SRT proteins. In another embodiment, the fusion protein is an SRT protein containing a heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or secretion of an SRT protein can be increased through use of a heterologous signal sequence.

Preferably, an SRT chimeric or fusion protein of the invention is produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences are ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, for example by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, eds. Ausubel et al. John Wiley & Sons: 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). An SRT-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the SRT protein.

Homologues of the SRT protein can be generated by mutagenesis, e.g., discrete point mutation or truncation of the SRT protein. As used herein, the term “homologue” refers to a variant form of the SRT protein which acts as an agonist or antagonist of the activity of the SRT protein. An agonist of the SRT protein can retain substantially the same, or a subset, of the biological activities of the SRT protein. An antagonist of the SRT protein can inhibit one or more of the activities of the naturally occurring form of the SRT protein, by, for example, competitively binding to a downstream or upstream member of the SRT system which includes the SRT protein. Thus, the C. glutamicum SRT protein and homologues thereof of the present invention may increase the tolerance or resistance of C. glutamicum to one or more chemical or environmental stresses.

In an alternative embodiment, homologues of the SRT protein can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of mutants, e.g., truncation mutants, of the SRT protein for SRT protein agonist or antagonist activity. In one embodiment, a variegated library of SRT variants is generated by combinatorial mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level and is encoded by a variegated gene library. A variegated library of SRT variants can be produced by, for example, enzymatically ligating a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides into gene sequences such that a degenerate set of potential SRT sequences is expressible as individual polypeptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for phage display) containing the set of SRT sequences therein. There are a variety of methods which can be used to produce libraries of potential SRT homologues from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be performed in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic gene then ligated into an appropriate expression vector. Use of a degenerate set of genes allows for the provision, in one mixture, of all of the sequences encoding the desired set of potential SRT sequences. Methods for synthesizing degenerate oligonucleotides are known in the art (see, e.g., Narang, S. A. (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al. (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al. (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al. (1983) Nucleic Acid Res. 11:477.

In addition, libraries of fragments of the SRT protein coding can be used to generate a variegated population of SRT fragments for screening and subsequent selection of homologues of an SRT protein. In one embodiment, a library of coding sequence fragments can be generated by treating a double stranded PCR fragment of an SRT coding sequence with a nuclease under conditions wherein nicking occurs only about once per molecule, denaturing the double stranded DNA, renaturing the DNA to form double stranded DNA which can include sense/antisense pairs from different nicked products, removing single stranded portions from reformed duplexes by treatment with S1 nuclease, and ligating the resulting fragment library into an expression vector. By this method, an expression library can be derived which encodes N-terminal, C-terminal and internal fragments of various sizes of the SRT protein.

Several techniques are known in the art for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations or truncation, and for screening cDNA libraries for gene products having a selected property. Such techniques are adaptable for rapid screening of the gene libraries generated by the combinatorial mutagenesis of SRT homologues. The most widely used techniques, which are amenable to high through-put analysis, for screening large gene libraries typically include cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors, transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors, and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in which detection of a desired activity facilitates isolation of the vector encoding the gene whose product was detected. Recursive ensemble mutagenesis (REM), a new technique which enhances the frequency of functional mutants in the libraries, can be used in combination with the screening assays to identify SRT homologues (Arkin and Yourvan (1992) PNAS 89:7811-7815; Delgrave et al. (1993) Protein Engineering 6(3):327-331).

In another embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to analyze a variegated SRT library, using methods well known in the art.

D. Uses and Methods of the Invention

The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues, fusion proteins, primers, vectors, and host cells described herein can be used in one or more of the following methods: identification of C. glutamicum and related organisms; mapping of genomes of organisms related to C. glutamicum; identification and localization of C. glutamicum sequences of interest; evolutionary studies; determination of SRT protein regions required for function; modulation of an SRT protein activity; modulation of the activity of an SRT pathway; and modulation of cellular production of a desired compound, such as a fine chemical.

The SRT nucleic acid molecules of the invention have a variety of uses. First, they may be used to identify an organism as being Corynebacterium glutamicum or a close relative thereof. Also, they may be used to identify the presence of C. glutamicum or a relative thereof in a mixed population of microorganisms. The invention provides the nucleic acid sequences of a number of C. glutamicum genes; by probing the extracted genomic DNA of a culture of a unique or mixed population of microorganisms under stringent conditions with a probe spanning a region of a C. glutamicum gene which is unique to this organism, one can ascertain whether this organism is present.

Although Corynebacterium glutamicum itself is nonpathogenic, it is related to pathogenic species, such as Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria, a rapidly developing, acute, febrile infection which involves both local and systemic pathology. In this disease, a local lesion develops in the upper respiratory tract and involves necrotic injury to epithelial cells; the bacilli secrete toxin which is disseminated through this lesion to distal susceptible tissues of the body. Degenerative changes brought about by the inhibition of protein synthesis in these tissues, which include heart, muscle, peripheral nerves, adrenals, kidneys, liver and spleen, result in the systemic pathology of the disease. Diphtheria continues to have high incidence in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the independent states of the former Soviet Union. An ongoing epidemic of diphtheria in the latter two regions has resulted in at least 5,000 deaths since 1990.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of identifying the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a subject. This method includes detection of one or more of the nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of the invention (e.g., the sequences set forth in Appendix A or Appendix B) in a subject, thereby detecting the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the subject. C. glutamicum and C. diphtheriae are related bacteria, and many of the nucleic acid and protein molecules in C. glutamicum are homologous to C. diphtheriae nucleic acid and protein molecules, and can therefore be used to detect C. diphtheriae in a subject.

The nucleic acid and protein molecules of the invention may also serve as markers for specific regions of the genome. This has utility not only in the mapping of the genome, but also for functional studies of C. glutamicum proteins. For example, to identify the region of the genome to which a particular C. glutamicum DNA-binding protein binds, the C. glutamicum genome could be digested, and the fragments incubated with the DNA-binding protein. Those which bind the protein may be additionally probed with the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, preferably with readily detectable labels; binding of such a nucleic acid molecule to the genome fragment enables the localization of the fragment to the genome map of C. glutamicum, and, when performed multiple times with different enzymes, facilitates a rapid determination of the nucleic acid sequence to which the protein binds. Further, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be sufficiently homologous to the sequences of related species such that these nucleic acid molecules may serve as markers for the construction of a genomic map in related bacteria, such as Brevibacterium lactofermentum.

The SRT nucleic acid molecules of the invention are also useful for evolutionary and protein structural studies. The resistance processes in which the molecules of the invention participate are utilized by a wide variety of cells; by comparing the sequences of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention to those encoding similar enzymes from other organisms, the evolutionary relatedness of the organisms can be assessed. Similarly, such a comparison permits an assessment of which regions of the sequence are conserved and which are not, which may aid in determining those regions of the protein which are essential for the functioning of the enzyme. This type of determination is of value for protein engineering studies and may give an indication of what the protein can tolerate in terms of mutagenesis without losing function.

The genes of the invention, e.g., the gene encoding LMRB (SEQ ID NO:1) or other gene of the invention encoding a chemical or environmental resistance or tolerance protein (e.g., resistance against one or more antibiotics), may be used as genetic markers for the genetic transformation of (e.g., the transfer of additional genes into or disruption of preexisting genes of) organisms such as C. glutamicum or other bacterial species. Use of these nucleic acid molecules permits efficient selection of organisms which have incorporated a given transgene cassette (e.g., a plasmid, phage, phasmid, phagemid, transposon, or other nucleic acid element), based on a trait which permits the survival of the organism in an otherwise hostile or toxic environment (e.g., in the presence of an antimicrobial compound). By employing one or more of the genes of the invention as genetic markers, the speed and ease with which organisms having desirable transformed traits (e.g., modulated fine chemical production) are engineered and isolated are improved. While it is advantageous to use the genes of the invention for selection of transformed C. glutamicum and related bacteria, it is possible, as described herein, to use homologs (e.g., homologs from other organisms), allelic variants or fragments of the gene retaining desired activity. Furthermore, 5′ and 3′ regulatory elements of the genes of the invention may be modified as described herein (e.g., by nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion, or replacement with a more desirable genetic element) to modulate the transcription of the gene. For example, an LMRB variant in which the nucleotide sequence in the region from −1 to −200 5′ to the start codon has been altered to modulate (preferably increase) the transcription and/or translation of LMRB may be employed, as can constructs in which a gene of the invention (e.g., the LMRB gene (SEQ ID NO:1)) is functionally coupled to one or more regulatory signals (e.g., inducer or repressor binding sequences) which can be used for modulating gene expression. Similarly, more than one copy of a gene (functional or inactivated) of the invention may be employed.

An additional application of the genes of the invention (e.g., the gene encoding LMRB (SEQ ID NO:1) or other drug- or antibiotic-resistance gene) is in the discovery of new antibiotics which are active against Corynebacteria and/or other bacteria. For example, a gene of the invention may be expressed (or overexpressed) in a suitable host to generate an organism with increased resistance to one or more drugs or antibiotics (in the case of LMRB, lincosamides in particular, especially lincomycin). This type of resistant host can subsequently be used to screen for chemicals with bacteriostatic and/or bacteriocidal activity, such as novel antibiotic compounds. It is possible, in particular, to use the genes of the invention (e.g., the LMRB gene) to identify new antibiotics which are active against those microorganisms which are already resistant to standard antibiotic compounds.

The invention provides methods for screening molecules which modulate the activity of an SRT protein, either by interacting with the protein itself or a substrate or binding partner of the SRT protein, or by modulating the transcription or translation of a SRT nucleic acid molecule of the invention. In such methods, a microorganism expressing one or more SRT proteins of the invention is contacted with one or more test compounds, and the effect of each test compound on the activity or level of expression of the SRT protein is assessed.

Manipulation of the SRT nucleic acid molecules of the invention may result in the production of SRT proteins having functional differences from the wild-type SRT proteins. These proteins may be improved in efficiency or activity, may be present in greater numbers in the cell than is usual, or may be decreased in efficiency or activity. The goal of such manipulations is to increase the viability and activity of the cell when the cell is exposed to the environmental and chemical stresses and hazards which frequently accompany large-scale fermentative culture. Thus, by increasing the activity or copy number of a heat-shock-regulated protease, one may increase the ability of the cell to destroy incorrectly folded proteins, which may otherwise interfere with normal cellular functioning (for example, by continuing to bind substrates or cofactors although the protein lacks the activity to act on these molecules appropriately). The same is true for the overexpression or optimization of activity of one or more chaperone molecules induced by heat or cold shock. These proteins aid in the correct folding of nascent polypeptide chains, and thus their increased activity or presence should increase the percentage of correctly folded proteins in the cell, which in turn should increase the overall metabolic efficiency and viability of the cells in culture. The overexpression or optimization of the transporter molecules activated by osmotic shock should result in an increased ability on the part of the cell to maintain intracellular homeostasis, thereby increasing the viability of these cells in culture. Similarly, the overproduction or increase in activity by mutagenesis of proteins involved in the development of cellular resistance to chemical stresses of various kinds (either by transport of the offending chemical out of the cell or by modification of the chemical to a less hazardous substance) should increase the fitness of the organism in the environment containing the hazardous substance (i.e., large-scale fermentative culture), and thereby may permit relatively larger numbers of cells to survive in such a culture. The net effect of all of these mutagenesis strategies is to increase the quantity of fine-chemical-producing compounds in the culture, thereby increasing the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more desired fine chemicals from the culture.

This aforementioned list of mutagenesis strategies for SRT proteins to result in increased yields of a desired compound is not meant to be limiting; variations on these mutagenesis strategies will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. By these mechanisms, the nucleic acid and protein molecules of the invention may be utilized to generate C. glutamicum or related strains of bacteria expressing mutated SRT nucleic acid and protein molecules such that the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of a desired compound is improved. This desired compound may be any natural product of C. glutamicum, which includes the final products of biosynthesis pathways and intermediates of naturally-occurring metabolic pathways, as well as molecules which do not naturally occur in the metabolism of C. glutamicum, but which are produced by a C. glutamicum strain of the invention.

This invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patent applications, patents, published patent applications, Tables, Appendices, and the sequence listing cited throughout this application are hereby incorporated by reference.

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 Preparation of Total Genomic DNA of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032

A culture of Corynebacterium glutamicum (ATCC 13032) was grown overnight at 30° C. with vigorous shaking in BHI medium (Difco). The cells were harvested by centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded and the cells were resuspended in 5 ml buffer-I (5% of the original volume of the culture—all indicated volumes have been calculated for 100 ml of culture volume). Composition of buffer-I: 140.34 g/l sucrose, 2.46 g/l MgSO₄×7H₂O, 10 ml/l KH₂PO₄ solution (100 g/l, adjusted to pH 6.7 with KOH), 50 ml/l M12 concentrate (10 g/l (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1 g/l NaCl, 2 g/l MgSO₄×7H₂O, 0.2 g/l CaCl₂, 0.5 g/l yeast extract (Difco), 10 ml/l trace-elements-mix (200 mg/l FeSO₄×H₂O, 10 mg/l ZnSO₄×7H₂O, 3 mg/l MnCl₂×4H₂O, 30 mg/l H₃BO₃ 20 mg/l CoCl₂×6H₂O, 1 mg/l NiCl₂×6H₂O, 3 mg/l Na₂MoO₄×2H₂O, 500 mg/l complexing agent (EDTA or critic acid), 100 ml/l vitamins-mix (0.2 mg/l biotin, 0.2 mg/l folic acid, 20 mg/l p-amino benzoic acid, 20 mg/l riboflavin, 40 mg/l α-panthothenate, 140 mg/l nicotinic acid, 40 mg/l pyridoxole hydrochloride, 200 mg/l myo-inositol). Lysozyme was added to the suspension to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. After an approximately 4 h incubation at 37° C., the cell wall was degraded and the resulting protoplasts are harvested by centrifugation. The pellet was washed once with 5 ml buffer-I and once with 5 ml TE-buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8). The pellet was resuspended in 4 ml TE-buffer and 0.5 ml SDS solution (10%) and 0.5 ml NaCl solution (5 M) are added. After adding of proteinase K to a final concentration of 200 μg/ml, the suspension is incubated for ca.18 h at 37° C. The DNA was purified by extraction with phenol, phenol-chloroform-isoamylalcohol and chloroform-isoamylalcohol using standard procedures. Then, the DNA was precipitated by adding 1/50 volume of 3 M sodium acetate and 2 volumes of ethanol, followed by a 30 min incubation at −20° C. and a 30 min centrifugation at 12,000 rpm in a high speed centrifuge using a SS34 rotor (Sorvall). The DNA was dissolved in 1 ml TE-buffer containing 20 μg/ml RNaseA and dialysed at 4° C. against 1000 ml TE-buffer for at least 3 hours. During this time, the buffer was exchanged 3 times. To aliquots of 0.4 ml of the dialysed DNA solution, 0.4 ml of 2 M LiCl and 0.8 ml of ethanol are added. After a 30 min incubation at −20° C., the DNA was collected by centrifugation (13,000 rpm, Biofuge Fresco, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany). The DNA pellet was dissolved in TE-buffer. DNA prepared by this procedure could be used for all purposes, including southern blotting or construction of genomic libraries.

Example 2 Construction of Genomic Libraries in Escherichia coli of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032

Using DNA prepared as described in Example 1, cosmid and plasmid libraries were constructed according to known and well established methods (see e.g., Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, or Ausubel, F. M. et al. (1994) “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley & Sons.)

Any plasmid or cosmid could be used. Of particular use were the plasmids pBR322 (Sutcliffe, J. G. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75:3737-3741); pACYC177 (Change & Cohen (1978) J Bacteriol 134:1141-1156), plasmids of the pBS series (pBSSK+, pBSSK− and others; Stratagene, LaJolla, USA), or cosmids as SuperCos1 (Stratagene, LaJolla, USA) or Lorist6 (Gibson, T. J., Rosenthal A. and Waterson, R. H. (1987) Gene 53:283-286. Gene libraries specifically for use in C. glutamicum may be constructed using plasmid pSL109 (Lee, H.-S. and A. J. Sinskey (1994) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 4: 256-263).

Example 3 DNA Sequencing and Computational Functional Analysis

Genomic libraries as described in Example 2 were used for DNA sequencing according to standard methods, in particular by the chain termination method using ABI377 sequencing machines (see e.g., Fleischman, R. D. et al. (1995) “Whole-genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus Influenzae Rd., Science, 269:496-512). Sequencing primers with the following nucleotide sequences were used: 5′-GGAAACAGTATGACCATG-3′ or 5′-GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT-3′.

Example 4 In Vivo Mutagenesis

In vivo mutagenesis of Corynebacterium glutamicum can be performed by passage of plasmid (or other vector) DNA through E. coli or other microorganisms (e.g. Bacillus spp. or yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which are impaired in their capabilities to maintain the integrity of their genetic information. Typical mutator strains have mutations in the genes for the DNA repair system (e.g., mutHLS, mutD, mutT, etc.; for reference, see Rupp, W. D. (1996) DNA repair mechanisms, in: Escherichia coli and Salmonella, p. 2277-2294, ASM: Washington.) Such strains are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The use of such strains is illustrated, for example, in Greener, A. and Callahan, M. (1994) Strategies _(—)7: 32-34.

Example 5 DNA Transfer Between Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum

Several Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium species contain endogenous plasmids (as e.g., pHM1519 or pBL1) which replicate autonomously (for review see, e.g., Martin, J. F. et al. (1987) Biotechnology, 5:137-146). Shuttle vectors for Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum can be readily constructed by using standard vectors for E. coli (Sambrook, J. et al. (1989), “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press or Ausubel, F. M. et al. (1994) “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley & Sons) to which a origin or replication for and a suitable marker from Corynebacterium glutamicum is added. Such origins of replication are preferably taken from endogenous plasmids isolated from Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium species. Of particular use as transformation markers for these species are genes for kanamycin resistance (such as those derived from the Tn5 or Tn903 transposons) or chloramphenicol (Winnacker, E. L. (1987) “From Genes to Clones—Introduction to Gene Technology, VCH, Weinheim). There are numerous examples in the literature of the construction of a wide variety of shuttle vectors which replicate in both E. coli and C. glutamicum, and which can be used for several purposes, including gene over-expression (for reference, see e.g., Yoshihama, M. et al. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 162:591-597, Martin J. F. et al. (1987) Biotechnology, 5:137-146 and Eikmanns, B. J. et al. (1991) Gene, 102:93-98).

Using standard methods, it is possible to clone a gene of interest into one of the shuttle vectors described above and to introduce such a hybrid vector into strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Transformation of C. glutamicum can be achieved by protoplast transformation (Kastsumata, R. et al. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 159306-311), electroporation (Liebl, E. et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Letters, 53:399-303) and in cases where special vectors are used, also by conjugation (as described e.g. in Schäfer, A et al. (1990) J. Bacteriol. 172:1663-1666). It is also possible to transfer the shuttle vectors for C. glutamicum to E. coli by preparing plasmid DNA from C. glutamicum (using standard methods well-known in the art) and transforming it into E. coli. This transformation step can be performed using standard methods, but it is advantageous to use an Mcr-deficient E. coli strain, such as NM522 (Gough & Murray (1983) J. Mol. Biol. 166:1-19).

Genes may be overexpressed in C. glutamicum strains using plasmids which comprise pCG1 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,267) or fragments thereof, and optionally the gene for kanamycin resistance from TN903 (Grindley, N. D. and Joyce, C. M. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77(12): 7176-7180). In addition, genes may be overexpressed in C. glutamicum strains using plasmid pSL109 (Lee, H.-S. and A. J. Sinskey (1994) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 4: 256-263).

Aside from the use of replicative plasmids, gene overexpression can also be achieved by integration into the genome. Genomic integration in C. glutamicum or other Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium species may be accomplished by well-known methods, such as homologous recombination with genomic region(s), restriction endonuclease mediated integration (REMI) (see, e.g., DE Patent 19823834), or through the use of transposons. It is also possible to modulate the activity of a gene of interest by modifying the regulatory regions (e.g., a promoter, a repressor, and/or an enhancer) by sequence modification, insertion, or deletion using site-directed methods (such as homologous recombination) or methods based on random events (such as transposon mutagenesis or REMI). Nucleic acid sequences which function as transcriptional terminators may also be inserted 3′ to the coding region of one or more genes of the invention; such terminators are well-known in the art and are described, for example, in Winnacker, E. L. (1987) From Genes to Clones—Introduction to Gene Technology. VCH: Weinheim.

Example 6 Assessment of the Expression of the Mutant Protein

Observations of the activity of a mutated protein in a transformed host cell rely on the fact that the mutant protein is expressed in a similar fashion and in a similar quantity to that of the wild-type protein. A useful method to ascertain the level of transcription of the mutant gene (an indicator of the amount of mRNA available for translation to the gene product) is to perform a Northern blot (for reference see, for example, Ausubel et al. (1988) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley: New York), in which a primer designed to bind to the gene of interest is labeled with a detectable tag (usually radioactive or chemiluminescent), such that when the total RNA of a culture of the organism is extracted, run on gel, transferred to a stable matrix and incubated with this probe, the binding and quantity of binding of the probe indicates the presence and also the quantity of mRNA for this gene. This information is evidence of the degree of transcription of the mutant gene. Total cellular RNA can be prepared from Corynebacterium glutamicum by several methods, all well-known in the art, such as that described in Bormann, E. R. et al. (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6: 317-326.

To assess the presence or relative quantity of protein translated from this mRNA, standard techniques, such as a Western blot, may be employed (see, for example, Ausubel et al. (1988) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley: New York). In this process, total cellular proteins are extracted, separated by gel electrophoresis, transferred to a matrix such as nitrocellulose, and incubated with a probe, such as an antibody, which specifically binds to the desired protein. This probe is generally tagged with a chemiluminescent or colorimetric label which may be readily detected. The presence and quantity of label observed indicates the presence and quantity of the desired mutant protein present in the cell.

Example 7 Growth of Genetically Modified Corynebacterium glutamicum —Media and Culture Conditions

Genetically modified Corynebacteria are cultured in synthetic or natural growth media. A number of different growth media for Corynebacteria are both well-known and readily available (Lieb et al. (1989) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 32:205-210; von der Osten et al. (1998) Biotechnology Letters, 11:11-16; Patent DE 4,120,867; Liebl (1992) “The Genus Corynebacterium, in: The Procaryotes, Volume II, Balows, A. et al., eds. Springer-Verlag). These media consist of one or more carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins and trace elements. Preferred carbon sources are sugars, such as mono-, di-, or polysaccharides. For example, glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, ribose, sorbose, ribulose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch or cellulose serve as very good carbon sources. It is also possible to supply sugar to the media via complex compounds such as molasses or other by-products from sugar refinement. It can also be advantageous to supply mixtures of different carbon sources. Other possible carbon sources are alcohols and organic acids, such as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid or lactic acid. Nitrogen sources are usually organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds, or materials which contain these compounds. Exemplary nitrogen sources include ammonia gas or ammonia salts, such as NH₄Cl or (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄OH, nitrates, urea, amino acids or complex nitrogen sources like corn steep liquor, soy bean flour, soy bean protein, yeast extract, meat extract and others.

Inorganic salt compounds which may be included in the media include the chloride-, phosphorous- or sulfate- salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, molybdenum, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. Chelating compounds can be added to the medium to keep the metal ions in solution. Particularly useful chelating compounds include dihydroxyphenols, like catechol or protocatechuate, or organic acids, such as citric acid. It is typical for the media to also contain other growth factors, such as vitamins or growth promoters, examples of which include biotin, riboflavin, thiamin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxin. Growth factors and salts frequently originate from complex media components such as yeast extract, molasses, corn steep liquor and others. The exact composition of the media compounds depends strongly on the immediate experiment and is individually decided for each specific case. Information about media optimization is available in the textbook “Applied Microbiol. Physiology, A Practical Approach (eds. P. M. Rhodes, P. F. Stanbury, IRL Press (1997) pp. 53-73, ISBN 0 19 963577 3). It is also possible to select growth media from commercial suppliers, like standard 1 (Merck) or BHI (grain heart infusion, DIFCO) or others.

All medium components are sterilized, either by heat (20 minutes at 1.5 bar and 121° C.) or by sterile filtration. The components can either be sterilized together or, if necessary, separately. All media components can be present at the beginning of growth, or they can optionally be added continuously or batchwise.

Culture conditions are defined separately for each experiment. The temperature should be in a range between 15° C. and 45° C. The temperature can be kept constant or can be altered during the experiment. The pH of the medium should be in the range of 5 to 8.5, preferably around 7.0, and can be maintained by the addition of buffers to the media. An exemplary buffer for this purpose is a potassium phosphate buffer. Synthetic buffers such as MOPS, HEPES, ACES and others can alternatively or simultaneously be used. It is also possible to maintain a constant culture pH through the addition of NaOH or NH₄OH during growth. If complex medium components such as yeast extract are utilized, the necessity for additional buffers may be reduced, due to the fact that many complex compounds have high buffer capacities. If a fermentor is utilized for culturing the microorganisms, the pH can also be controlled using gaseous ammonia.

The incubation time is usually in a range from several hours to several days. This time is selected in order to permit the maximal amount of product to accumulate in the broth. The disclosed growth experiments can be carried out in a variety of vessels, such as microtiter plates, glass tubes, glass flasks or glass or metal fermentors of different sizes. For screening a large number of clones, the microorganisms should be cultured in microtiter plates, glass tubes or shake flasks, either with or without baffles. Preferably 100 ml shake flasks are used, filled with 10% (by volume) of the required growth medium. The flasks should be shaken on a rotary shaker (amplitude 25 mm) using a speed-range of 100-300 rpm. Evaporation losses can be diminished by the maintenance of a humid atmosphere; alternatively, a mathematical correction for evaporation losses should be performed.

If genetically modified clones are tested, an unmodified control clone or a control clone containing the basic plasmid without any insert should also be tested. The medium is inoculated to an OD₆₀₀ of O.5-1.5 using cells grown on agar plates, such as CM plates (10 g/l glucose, 2,5 g/l NaCl, 2 g/l urea, 10 g/l polypeptone, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l meat extract, 22 g/l NaCl, 2 g/l urea, 10 g/l polypeptone, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l meat extract, 22 g/l agar, pH 6.8 with 2M NaOH) that had been incubated at 30° C. Inoculation of the media is accomplished by either introduction of a saline suspension of C. glutamicum cells from CM plates or addition of a liquid preculture of this bacterium.

Example 8 In Vitro Analysis of the Function of Mutant Proteins

The determination of activities and kinetic parameters of enzymes is well established in the art. Experiments to determine the activity of any given altered enzyme must be tailored to the specific activity of the wild-type enzyme, which is well within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art. Overviews about enzymes in general, as well as specific details concerning structure, kinetics, principles, methods, applications and examples for the determination of many enzyme activities may be found, for example, in the following references: Dixon, M., and Webb, E. C., (1979) Enzymes. Longmans: London; Fersht, (1985) Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. Freeman: New York; Walsh, (1979) Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. Freeman: San Francisco; Price, N. C., Stevens, L. (1982) Fundamentals of Enzymology. Oxford Univ. Press: Oxford; Boyer, P. D., ed. (1983) The Enzymes, 3^(rd) ed. Academic Press: New York; Bisswanger, H., (1994) Enzymkinetik, 2^(nd) ed. VCH: Weinheim (ISBN 3527300325); Bergmeyer, H. U., Bergmeyer, J., Graβl, M., eds. (1983-1986) Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3^(rd) ed., vol. I-XII, Verlag Chemie: Weinheim; and Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1987) vol. A9, “Enzymes”. VCH: Weinheim, p. 352-363.

The activity of proteins which bind to DNA can be measured by several well-established methods, such as DNA band-shift assays (also called gel retardation assays). The effect of such proteins on the expression of other molecules can be measured using reporter gene assays (such as that described in Kolmar, H. et al. (1995) EMBO J. 14: 3895-3904 and references cited therein). Reporter gene test systems are well known and established for applications in both pro- and eukaryotic cells, using enzymes such as beta-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein, and several others.

The determination of activity of membrane-transport proteins can be performed according to techniques such as those described in Gennis, R. B. (1989) “Pores, Channels and Transporters”, in Biomembranes, Molecular Structure and Function, Springer: Heidelberg, p. 85-137; 199-234; and 270-322.

Example 9 Analysis of Impact of Mutant Protein on the Production of the Desired Product

The effect of the genetic modification in C. glutamicum on production of a desired compound (such as an amino acid) can be assessed by growing the modified microorganism under suitable conditions (such as those described above) and analyzing the medium and/or the cellular component for increased production of the desired product (i.e., an amino acid). Such analysis techniques are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and include spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, staining methods of various kinds, enzymatic and microbiological methods, and analytical chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography (see, for example, Ullman, Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A2, p. 89-90 and p. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim (1985); Fallon, A. et al., (1987) “Applications of HPLC in Biochemistry” in: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 17; Rehm et al. (1993) Biotechnology, vol. 3, Chapter III: “Product recovery and purification”, page 469-714, VCH: Weinheim; Belter, P. A. et al. (1988) Bioseparations: downstream processing for biotechnology, John Wiley and Sons; Kennedy, J. F. and Cabral, J. M. S. (1992) Recovery processes for biological materials, John Wiley and Sons; Shaeiwitz, J. A. and Henry, J. D. (1988) Biochemical separations, in: Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. B3, Chapter 11, page 1-27, VCH: Weinheim; and Dechow, F. J. (1989) Separation and purification techniques in biotechnology, Noyes Publications.)

In addition to the measurement of the final product of fermentation, it is also possible to analyze other components of the metabolic pathways utilized for the production of the desired compound, such as intermediates and side-products, to determine the overall yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of the compound. Analysis methods include measurements of nutrient levels in the medium (e.g., sugars, hydrocarbons, nitrogen sources, phosphate, and other ions), measurements of biomass composition and growth, analysis of the production of common metabolites of biosynthetic pathways, and measurement of gasses produced during fermentation. Standard methods for these measurements are outlined in Applied Microbial Physiology, A Practical Approach, P. M. Rhodes and P. F. Stanbury, eds., IRL Press, p. 103-129; 131-163; and 165-192 (ISBN: 0199635773) and references cited therein.

Example 10 Purification of the Desired Product from C. glutamicum Culture

Recovery of the desired product from the C. glutamicum cells or supernatant of the above-described culture can be performed by various methods well known in the art. If the desired product is not secreted from the cells, the cells can be harvested from the culture by low-speed centrifugation, the cells can be lysed by standard techniques, such as mechanical force or sonication. The cellular debris is removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant fraction containing the soluble proteins is retained for further purification of the desired compound. If the product is secreted from the C. glutamicum cells, then the cells are removed from the culture by low-speed centrifugation, and the supernate fraction is retained for further purification.

The supernatant fraction from either purification method is subjected to chromatography with a suitable resin, in which the desired molecule is either retained on a chromatography resin while many of the impurities in the sample are not, or where the impurities are retained by the resin while the sample is not. Such chromatography steps may be repeated as necessary, using the same or different chromatography resins. One of ordinary skill in the art would be well-versed in the selection of appropriate chromatography resins and in their most efficacious application for a particular molecule to be purified. The purified product may be concentrated by filtration or ultrafiltration, and stored at a temperature at which the stability of the product is maximized.

There are a wide array of purification methods known to the art and the preceding method of purification is not meant to be limiting. Such purification techniques are described, for example, in Bailey, J. E. & Ollis, D. F. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill: New York (1986).

The identity and purity of the isolated compounds may be assessed by techniques standard in the art. These include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectroscopic methods, staining methods, thin layer chromatography, NIRS, enzymatic assay, or microbiologically. Such analysis methods are reviewed in: Patek et al. (1994) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 133-140; Malakhova et al. (1996) Biotekhnologiya 11: 27-32; and Schmidt et al. (1998) Bioprocess Engineer. 19: 67-70. Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, (1996) vol. A27, VCH: Weinheim, p. 89-90, p. 521-540, p. 540-547, p. 559-566, 575-581 and p. 581-587; Michal, G. (1999) Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons; Fallon, A. et al. (1987) Applications of HPLC in Biochemistry in: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 17.

EXAMPLE 11 Cloning of a Corynebacterium glutamicum Gene Involved in Lincomycin Resistance Using a Reporter Gene Approach

A. Identification of the Gene Encoding the LMRB Protein

Plasmid pSL130 was constructed by ligation of the aceB promoter region (paceB) of C. glutamicum (Kim, H. J. et al. (1997) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7: 287-292) into the polylinker of the lac operon fusion vector pRS415, which lacks a promoter (Simon, R. W. et al. (1987) Gene 53: 85-96). Plasmid pSL145 was constructed by ligating the resulting paceB-lac region into the E. coli cloning vector pACYC184. E. coli DH5αF′ was transformed with pSL145 and the resulting strain was used as a host for screening of a genomic C. glutamicum library (in pSL109).

Transformants were screened by growth on agar medium containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glalactopyranoside (X-Gal). A white colony, containing DNA influencing lacZ expression, was selected for further analysis. This clone was found to contain a 4 kB fragment from the gene library. Subclones were constructed in pSL109 and a subclone which retained the white phenotype on X-Gal plates was identified. This subclone was found to contain a 2.6 kB BamH1-XhoI fragment (plasmid pSL149-5). The fragment was sequenced and identified as a membrane protein-encoding gene (LMRB gene).

The 1442 nucleotides of the coding sequence of the LMRB gene encode a polypeptide of 481 amino acid residues with a high percentage of hydrophobic amino acids. A Genbank search determined that the LMRB protein is 40% identical to the protein product of the lmrB gene from Bacillus subtilis (Genbank Accession AL009126, TREMBL Accession P94422), as determined using a CLUSTAL W analysis (using standard parameters).

The LMRN protein contains a sequence pattern: 158-A-P-A-L-G-P-T-L-S-G-167 (SEQ ID NO:301), which resembles the known multi-drug-resistance-protein consensus motif G-X-X-X-G-P-X-X-G-G (SEQ ID NO:302) (Paulsen, I. T., and Skurray, R. A. (1993) Gene 124: 1-11). Therefore, the LMRB protein was classified as a drug resistance protein.

B. In Vivo Analysis of lmrB Function

The lmrB gene was overexpressed in C. glutamicum ASO19E12 (Kim, H. J. et al. (1997) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7: 287-292) using the plasmid pSL149-5, described above.

Disruption of the LMRB gene was accomplished by use of the vector pSL18-lmrB. This vector was constructed as follows: an internal fragment of the LMRB gene was amplified by PCR under standard conditions using primers 5′-CTCCAGGATTGCTCCGAAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:303) and 5′-CACAGTGGTTGACCACTGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:304). The resulting PCR product was treated with T7 DNA polymerase and T7 polynucleotide kinase, and was cloned into the SmaI site of plasmid pSL18 (Kim, Y. H. and H.-S. Lee (1996) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6: 315-320). The disruption of the LMRB gene in C. glutamicum ASO19E12 was performed by conjugation, as previously described (Schwarzer and Puhler (1991) Bio/Technology 9:84-87).

C. glutamicum cells transformed with pSL149-5 displayed similar resistances as untransformed cells against erythromycin, penicillin G, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin, nalidixic acid, gentamycin, streptomycin, ethidium bromide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Significant differences were observed, however, in the resistance of transformed and untransformed cells to lincomycin.

LMRB-overexpressing C. glutamicum cells were found to be able to grow in the presence of 20 μg/ml lincomycin. In contrast, cells which do not overexpress LMRB (or cells carrying a LMRB disruption) were not able to grow on agar media containing 5 μg/ml lincomycin. This effect was clearly visible in liquid culture. LMRB overexpression led to a 9-fold increased resistance (compared to wild-type) against lincomycin and LMRB disruption resulted in a decreased resistance (28% of wild-type) to this antibiotic.

Example 12 Analysis of the Gene Sequences of the Invention

The comparison of sequences and determination of percent homology between two sequences are art-known techniques, and can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm, such as the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-68, modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-77. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to SRT nucleic acid molecules of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to SRT protein molecules of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, one of ordinary skill in the art will know how to optimize the parameters of the program (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) for the specific sequence being analyzed.

Another example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Meyers and Miller ((1988) Comput. Appl. Biosci. 4: 11-17). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCG sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used. Additional algorithms for sequence analysis are known in the art, and include ADVANCE and ADAM. described in Torelli and Robotti (1994) Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10:3-5; and FASTA, described in Pearson and Lipman (1988) P.N.A.S. 85:2444-8.

The percent homology between two amino acid sequences can also be accomplished using the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blosum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 2, 3, or 4. The percent homology between two nucleic acid sequences can be accomplished using the GAP program in the GCG software package, using standard parameters, such as a gap weight of 50 and a length weight of 3.

A comparative analysis of the gene sequences of the invention with those present in Genbank has been performed using techniques known in the art (see, e.g., Bexevanis and Ouellette, eds. (1998) Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. John Wiley and Sons: New York). The gene sequences of the invention were compared to genes present in Genbank in a three-step process. In a first step, a BLASTN analysis (e.g., a local alignment analysis) was performed for each of the sequences of the invention against the nucleotide sequences present in Genbank, and the top 500 hits were retained for further analysis. A subsequent FASTA search (e.g., a combined local and global alignment analysis, in which limited regions of the sequences are aligned) was performed on these 500 hits. Each gene sequence of the invention was subsequently globally aligned to each of the top three FASTA hits, using the GAP program in the GCG software package (using standard parameters). In order to obtain correct results, the length of the sequences extracted from Genbank were adjusted to the length of the query sequences by methods well-known in the art. The results of this analysis are set forth in Table 4. The resulting data is identical to that which would have been obtained had a GAP (global) analysis alone been performed on each of the genes of the invention in comparison with each of the references in Genbank, but required significantly reduced computational time as compared to such a database-wide GAP (global) analysis. Sequences of the invention for which no alignments above the cutoff values were obtained are indicated on Table 4 by the absence of alignment information. It will further be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the GAP alignment homology percentages set forth in Table 4 under the heading “% homology (GAP)” are listed in the European numerical format, wherein a ‘,’ represents a decimal point. For example, a value of “40,345” in this column represents “40.345%”.

Example 13 Construction and Operation of DNA Microarrays

The sequences of the invention may additionally be used in the construction and application of DNA microarrays (the design, methodology, and uses of DNA arrays are well known in the art, and are described, for example, in Schena, M. et al. (1995) Science 270: 467-470; Wodicka, L. et al. (1997) Nature Biotechnology 15: 1359-1367; DeSaizieu, A. et al. (1998) Nature Biotechnology 16: 45-48; and DeRisi, J. L. et al. (1997) Science 278: 680-686).

DNA microarrays are solid or flexible supports consisting of nitrocellulose, nylon, glass, silicone, or other materials. Nucleic acid molecules may be attached to the surface in an ordered manner. After appropriate labeling, other nucleic acids or nucleic acid mixtures can be hybridized to the immobilized nucleic acid molecules, and the label may be used to monitor and measure the individual signal intensities of the hybridized molecules at defined regions. This methodology allows the simultaneous quantification of the relative or absolute amount of all or selected nucleic acids in the applied nucleic acid sample or mixture. DNA microarrays, therefore, permit an analysis of the expression of multiple (as many as 6800 or more) nucleic acids in parallel (see, e.g., Schena, M. (1996) BioEssays 18(5): 427-431).

The sequences of the invention may be used to design oligonucleotide primers which are able to amplify defined regions of one or more C. glutamicum genes by a nucleic acid amplification reaction such as the polymerase chain reaction. The choice and design of the 5′ or 3′ oligonucleotide primers or of appropriate linkers allows the covalent attachment of the resulting PCR products to the surface of a support medium described above (and also described, for example, Schena, M. et al. (1995) Science 270: 467-470).

Nucleic acid microarrays may also be constructed by in situ oligonucleotide synthesis as described by Wodicka, L. et al. (1997) Nature Biotechnology 15: 1359-1367. By photolithographic methods, precisely defined regions of the matrix are exposed to light. Protective groups which are photolabile are thereby activated and undergo nucleotide addition, whereas regions that are masked from light do not undergo any modification. Subsequent cycles of protection and light activation permit the synthesis of different oligonucleotides at defined positions. Small, defined regions of the genes of the invention may be synthesized on microarrays by solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis.

The nucleic acid molecules of the invention present in a sample or mixture of nucleotides may be hybridized to the microarrays. These nucleic acid molecules can be labeled according to standard methods. In brief, nucleic acid molecules (e.g., mRNA molecules or DNA molecules) are labeled by the incorporation of isotopically or fluorescently labeled nucleotides, e.g., during reverse transcription or DNA synthesis. Hybridization of labeled nucleic acids to microarrays is described (e.g., in Schena, M. et al. (1995) supra; Wodicka, L. et al. (1997), supra; and DeSaizieu A. et al. (1998), supra). The detection and quantification of the hybridized molecule are tailored to the specific incorporated label. Radioactive labels can be detected, for example, as described in Schena, M. et al. (1995) supra) and fluorescent labels may be detected, for example, by the method of Shalon et al. (1996) Genome Research 6: 639-645).

The application of the sequences of the invention to DNA microarray technology, as described above, permits comparative analyses of different strains of C. glutamicum or other Corynebacteria. For example, studies of inter-strain variations based on individual transcript profiles and the identification of genes that are important for specific and/or desired strain properties such as pathogenicity, productivity and stress tolerance are facilitated by nucleic acid array methodologies. Also, comparisons of the profile of expression of genes of the invention during the course of a fermentation reaction are possible using nucleic acid array technology.

Example 14 Analysis of the Dynamics of Cellular Protein Populations (Proteomics)

The genes, compositions, and methods of the invention may be applied to study the interactions and dynamics of populations of proteins, termed ‘proteomics’. Protein populations of interest include, but are not limited to, the total protein population of C. glutamicum (e.g., in comparison with the protein populations of other organisms), those proteins which are active under specific environmental or metabolic conditions (e.g., during fermentation, at high or low temperature, or at high or low pH), or those proteins which are active during specific phases of growth and development.

Protein populations can be analyzed by various well-known techniques, such as gel electrophoresis. Cellular proteins may be obtained, for example, by lysis or extraction, and may be separated from one another using a variety of electrophoretic techniques. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separates proteins largely on the basis of their molecular weight. Isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) separates proteins by their isoelectric point (which reflects not only the amino acid sequence but also posttranslational modifications of the protein). Another, more preferred method of protein analysis is the consecutive combination of both IEF-PAGE and SDS-PAGE, known as 2-D-gel electrophoresis (described, for example, in Hermann et al. (1998) Electrophoresis 19: 3217-3221; Fountoulakis et al. (1998) Electrophoresis 19: 1193-1202; Langen et al. (1997) Electrophoresis 18: 1184-1192; Antelmann et al. (1997) Electrophoresis 18: 1451-1463). Other separation techniques may also be utilized for protein separation, such as capillary gel electrophoresis; such techniques are well known in the art.

Proteins separated by these methodologies can be visualized by standard techniques, such as by staining or labeling. Suitable stains are known in the art, and include Coomassie Brilliant Blue, silver stain, or fluorescent dyes such as Sypro Ruby (Molecular Probes). The inclusion of radioactively labeled amino acids or other protein precursors (e.g., ³⁵S-methionine, ³⁵S-cysteine, ¹⁴C-labelled amino acids, ¹⁵N-amino acids, ¹⁵NO₃ or ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ or ¹³C-labelled amino acids) in the medium of C. glutamicum permits the labeling of proteins from these cells prior to their separation. Similarly, fluorescent labels may be employed. These labeled proteins can be extracted, isolated and separated according to the previously described techniques.

Proteins visualized by these techniques can be further analyzed by measuring the amount of dye or label used. The amount of a given protein can be determined quantitatively using, for example, optical methods and can be compared to the amount of other proteins in the same gel or in other gels. Comparisons of proteins on gels can be made, for example, by optical comparison, by spectroscopy, by image scanning and analysis of gels, or through the use of photographic films and screens. Such techniques are well-known in the art.

To determine the identity of any given protein, direct sequencing or other standard techniques may be employed. For example, N- and/or C-terminal amino acid sequencing (such as Edman degradation) may be used, as may mass spectrometry (in particular MALDI or ESI techniques (see, e.g., Langen et al. (1997) Electrophoresis 18: 1184-1192)). The protein sequences provided herein can be used for the identification of C. glutamicum proteins by these techniques.

The information obtained by these methods can be used to compare patterns of protein presence, activity, or modification between different samples from various biological conditions (e.g., different organisms, time points of fermentation, media conditions, or different biotopes, among others). Data obtained from such experiments alone, or in combination with other techniques, can be used for various applications, such as to compare the behavior of various organisms in a given (e.g., metabolic) situation, to increase the productivity of strains which produce fine chemicals or to increase the efficiency of the production of fine chemicals.

Equivalents

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, or will be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. TABLE 1 Genes Included in the Application Nucleic Acid Amino Acid Identification SEQ ID NO SEQ ID NO Code Contig. NT Start NT Stop Function 1 2 RXA01524 GR00424 29041 30483 Lincomycine RESISTANCE PROTEIN 3 4 RXA00497 GR00124 52 348 10 KD CHAPERONIN 5 6 RXN00493 VV0086 14389 16002 60 KD CHAPERONIN 7 8 F RXA00498 GR00124 363 1601 60 KD CHAPERONIN 9 10 RXA01217 GR00353 802 203 GENERAL STRESS PROTEIN CTC 11 12 RXA00605 GR00159 7412 5865 CATALASE (EC 1.11.1.6) 13 14 RXA00404 GR00089 2909 594 CARBON STARVATION PROTEIN A 15 16 RXN03119 VV0098 86877 87008 SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE [MN] (EC 1.15.1.1) 17 18 RXN03120 VV0098 87351 87476 SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE [MN] (EC 1.15.1.1) 19 20 RXN00575 VV0323 14716 15252 PHOSPHINOTHRICIN-RESISTANCE PROTEIN 21 22 F RXA00575 GR00156 2130 1648 PHOSPHINOTHRICIN-RESISTANCE PROTEIN Chaperones 23 24 RXN01345 VV0123 4883 3432 Moleculares chaperon (HSP70/DnaK family) 25 26 F RXA01345 GR00391 1172 6 Molecular chaperones (HSP70/DnaK family) 27 28 RXA02541 GR00726 13657 12473 DNAJ PROTEIN 29 30 RXA02542 GR00726 14518 13865 GRPE PROTEIN 31 32 RXN02543 VV0057 22031 20178 DNAK PROTEIN 33 34 F RXA02543 GR00726 16375 14522 DNAK PROTEIN 35 36 RXN02280 VV0152 1849 26 TRAP1 37 38 F RXA02282 GR00659 1145 1480 Molecular chaperone, HSP90 family 39 40 RXA00886 GR00242 12396 13541 DNAJ PROTEIN 41 42 RXS00568 VV0251 2928 1582 TRIGGER FACTOR 43 44 RXN03038 VV0017 42941 43666 PS1 PROTEIN VORLAUFER 45 46 RXN03039 VV0018 2 631 PS1 PROTEIN VORLAUFER 47 48 RXN03040 VV0018 761 1069 PS1 PROTEIN VORLAUFER 49 50 RXN03051 VV0022 2832 3566 PS1 PROTEIN VORLAUFER 51 52 RXN03054 VV0026 1906 3486 PS1 PROTEIN VORLAUFER 53 54 RXN02949 VV0025 31243 31575 PREPROTEIN TRANSLOKASE SECE UNTEREINHEIT 55 56 RXN02462 VV0124 11932 13749 PREPROTEIN TRANSLOKASE SECA UNTEREINHEIT 57 58 RXN01559 VV0171 7795 5954 PROTEIN-EXPORT MEMBRANE PROTEIN SECD 59 60 RXN00046 VV0119 5363 6058 Signal Erkennung particle GTPase 61 62 RXN01863 VV0206 1172 24 /O/C Thioredoxin-ahnliche oxidoreductase 63 64 RXN00833 VV0180 8039 8533 THIOL PEROXIDASE (EC 1.11.1.—) 65 66 RXN01676 VV0179 12059 11304 THIOL: DISULFIDE AUSTAUSCH PROTEIN DSBD 67 68 RXN00380 VV0223 836 216 THIOL: DISULFIDE AUSTAUSCH PROTEIN TLPA 69 70 RXN00937 VV0079 42335 42706 THIOREDOXIN 71 72 RXN02325 VV0047 5527 6393 THIOREDOXIN 73 74 RXN01837 VV0320 7103 7879 PEPTIDYL-PROLYL CIS-TRANS ISOMERASE (EC 5.2.1.8) 75 76 RXN01926 VV0284 1 741 PEPTID KETTE RELEASE FACTOR 3 77 78 RXN02002 VV0111 141 518 PEPTID KETTE RELEASE FACTOR 3 79 80 RXN02736 VV0074 13600 14556 PUTATIVES OXPPCYCLE PROTEIN OPCA 81 82 RXS03217 SMALL COLD-SHOCK PROTEIN 83 84 F RXA01917 GR00549 3465 3665 SMALL COLD-SHOCK PROTEIN Proteins involved in stress responses 85 86 RXA02184 GR00641 19628 19248 COLD SHOCK-LIKE PROTEIN CSPC 87 88 RXA00810 GR00218 792 992 SMALL COLD-SHOCK PROTEIN 89 90 RXA01674 GR00467 1878 2771 PROBABLE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-INDUCIBLE GENES ACTIVATOR 91 92 RXA02431 GR00708 2 1192 damage-inducible protein P 93 94 RXA02446 GR00709 11640 11206 OSMOTICALLY INDUCIBLE PROTEIN C 95 96 RXA02861 GR10006 551 1633 probable metallothionein u0308aa - Mycobacterium leprae 97 98 RXA00981 GR00276 3388 4017 GTP PYROPHOSPHOKINASE (EC 2.7.6.5) 99 100 RXN00786 VV0321 1680 706 LYTB PROTEIN 101 102 RXS01027 VV0143 5761 6768 DIADENOSINE 5′,5′′′-P1,P4-TETRAPHOSPHATE HYDROLASE (EC 3.6.1.17) 103 104 RXS01528 VV0050 17276 16749 DIADENOSINE 5′,5′′′-P1,P4-TETRAPHOSPHATE HYDROLASE (EC 3.6.1.17) 105 106 RXS01716 VV0319 3259 2774 EXOPOLYPHOSPHATASE (EC 3.6.1.11) 107 108 RXS01835 VV0143 10575 10045 GUANOSINE-3′,5′-BIS(DIPHOSPHATE) 3′-PYROPHOSPHOHYDROLASE (EC 3.1.7.2) 109 110 RXS02497 VV0007 15609 16535 EXOPOLYPHOSPHATASE (EC 3.6.1.11) 111 112 RXS02972 VV0319 2763 2353 EXOPOLYPHOSPHATASE (EC 3.6.1.11) Resistance and tolerance 113 114 RXA02159 GR00640 6231 6743 ARGININE HYDROXIMATE RESISTANCE PROTEIN 115 116 RXA02201 GR00646 5837 6199 ARSENATE REDUCTASE 117 118 RXA00599 GR00159 1843 1457 ARSENICAL-RESISTANCE PROTEIN ACR3 119 120 RXA00600 GR00159 2940 1843 ARSENICAL-RESISTANCE PROTEIN ACR3 121 122 RXA02200 GR00646 4651 5760 ARSENICAL-RESISTANCE PROTEIN ACR3 123 124 RXA02202 GR00646 6278 6916 ARSENICAL-RESISTANCE PROTEIN ACR3 125 126 RXA02205 GR00646 9871 8993 BACITRACIN RESISTANCE PROTEIN (PUTATIVE UNDECAPRENOL KINASE) (EC 2.7.1.66) 127 128 RXA00900 GR00245 4052 3201 BICYCLOMYCIN RESISTANCE PROTEIN 129 130 RXN00901 VV0140 8581 8168 BICYCLOMYCIN RESISTANCE PROTEIN 131 132 F RXA00901 GR00245 4357 3980 BICYCLOMYCIN RESISTANCE PROTEIN 133 134 RXA00289 GR00046 3263 4438 CHLORAMPHENICOL RESISTANCE PROTEIN 135 136 RXN01984 VV0056 1515 1811 CHLORAMPHENICOL RESISTANCE PROTEIN 137 138 F RXA01984 GR00574 282 4 CHLORAMPHENICOL RESISTANCE PROTEIN 139 140 RXA00109 GR00015 1176 565 COPPER RESISTANCE PROTEIN C PRECURSOR 141 142 RXA00109 GR00015 1176 565 COPPER RESISTANCE PROTEIN C PRECURSOR 143 144 RXA00996 GR00283 1763 1023 DAUNORUBICIN RESISTANCE ATP-BINDING PROTEIN DRRA 145 146 RXN00829 VV0180 7950 5611 DAUNORUBICIN RESISTANCE PROTEIN 147 148 F RXA00829 GR00224 2 256 DAUNORUBICIN RESISTANCE PROTEIN 149 150 F RXA00834 GR00225 463 2025 DAUNORUBICIN RESISTANCE PROTEIN 151 152 RXA00995 GR00283 1023 283 DAUNORUBICIN RESISTANCE TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 153 154 RXN00803 VV0009 53858 52629 METHYLENOMYCIN A RESISTANCE PROTEIN 155 156 F RXA00803 GR00214 4560 5162 METHYLENOMYCIN A RESISTANCE PROTEIN 157 158 RXA01407 GR00410 3918 3028 METHYLENOMYCIN A RESISTANCE PROTEIN 159 160 RXA01408 GR00410 4384 4184 METHYLENOMYCIN A RESISTANCE PROTEIN 161 162 RXN01922 VV0020 2031 3182 METHYLENOMYCIN A RESISTANCE PROTEIN 163 164 F RXA01922 GR00552 3 1109 METHYLENOMYCIN A RESISTANCE PROTEIN 165 166 RXA02060 GR00626 1 339 MYCINAMICIN-RESISTANCE PROTEIN MYRA 167 168 RXN01936 VV0127 40116 41387 MACROLIDE-EFFLUX PROTEIN 169 170 F RXA01936 GR00555 9796 8975 NICKEL RESISTANCE PROTEIN 171 172 F RXA01937 GR00555 10246 9821 NICKEL RESISTANCE PROTEIN 173 174 RXN01010 VV0209 3776 4894 QUINOLONE RESISTANCE NORA PROTEIN 175 176 F RXA01010 GR00288 774 4 QUINOLONE RESISTANCE NORA PROTEIN 177 178 RXN03142 VV0136 5754 4612 QUINOLONE RESISTANCE NORA PROTEIN 179 180 F RXA01150 GR00323 3807 2917 QUINOLONE RESISTANCE NORA PROTEIN 181 182 RXN02964 VV0102 7931 6714 QUINOLONE RESISTANCE NORA PROTEIN 183 184 F RXA02116 GR00636 911 6 QUINOLONE RESISTANCE NORA PROTEIN 185 186 RXA00858 GR00233 1680 2147 TELLURIUM RESISTANCE PROTEIN TERC 187 188 RXA02305 GR00663 2921 2070 DAUNOMYCIN C-14 HYDROXYLASE 189 190 RXA00084 GR00013 2367 1543 VIBRIOBACTIN UTILIZATION PROTEIN VIUB 191 192 RXA00843 GR00228 3236 3580 ARSENATE REDUCTASE 193 194 RXA01052 GR00296 3398 3706 MERCURIC REDUCTASE (EC 1.16.1.1) 195 196 RXA01053 GR00296 3772 4191 MERCURIC REDUCTASE (EC 1.16.1.1) 197 198 RXA01054 GR00296 4229 4717 MERCURIC REDUCTASE (EC 1.16.1.1) 199 200 RXN03123 VV0106 808 1245 HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE PROTEIN PRECURSOR 201 202 F RXA00993 GR00282 641 6 HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE PROTEIN PRECURSOR 203 204 RXA01051 GR00296 3298 2690 VANZ PROTEIN teicoplanin resistance protein 205 206 RXN01873 VV0248 2054 819 Hypothetical Drug Resistance Protein 207 208 F RXA01873 GR00535 855 1946 Hypothetical Drug Resistance Protein 209 210 RXN00034 VV0020 16933 18381 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 211 212 F RXA02273 GR00655 8058 9002 Hypothetical Drug Resistance Protein 213 214 RXN03075 VV0042 2491 3216 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 215 216 F RXA02907 GR10044 1395 2120 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 217 218 RXA00479 GR00119 16290 14101 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 219 220 RXN03124 VV0108 4 963 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 221 222 F RXA01180 GR00336 4 765 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 223 224 RXA02586 GR00741 10296 10027 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 225 226 RXA02587 GR00741 12343 10253 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 227 228 RXN03042 VV0018 2440 1835 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 229 230 F RXA02893 GR10035 1841 1236 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 231 232 RXA01616 GR00450 1684 203 MULTIDRUG EFFLUX PROTEIN QACB 233 234 RXA01666 GR00463 2307 3683 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 235 236 RXA00062 GR00009 13252 11855 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 237 238 RXA00215 GR00032 13834 15294 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 239 240 RXN03064 VV0038 4892 6223 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 241 242 F RXA00565 GR00151 4892 5884 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 243 244 F RXA02878 GR10016 1837 1481 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 245 246 RXA00648 GR00169 2713 1304 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 247 248 RXN01320 VV0082 13146 11500 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 249 250 F RXA01314 GR00382 744 4 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 251 252 F RXA01320 GR00383 1979 1200 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 253 254 RXN02926 VV0082 11497 9866 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 255 256 F RXA01319 GR00383 1197 4 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 257 258 RXA01578 GR00439 1423 29 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 259 260 RXA02087 GR00629 7076 5730 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 261 262 RXA02088 GR00629 8294 7080 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 263 264 RXA00764 GR00204 3284 2169 BMRU PROTEIN Bacillus subtilis bmrU, multidrug efflux transporter 265 266 RXN03125 VV0108 972 1142 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 267 268 RXN01553 VV0135 25201 26520 Hypothetical Drug Permease 269 270 RXN00535 VV0219 5155 5871 Hypothetical Drug Resistance Protein 271 272 RXN00453 VV0076 1173 3521 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 273 274 RXN00932 VV0171 13120 13593 Hypothetical Drug Transporter 275 276 RXN03022 VV0002 65 511 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN B 277 278 RXN03151 VV0163 489 4 MYCINAMICIN-RESISTANCE PROTEIN MYRA 279 280 RXN02832 VV0358 547 5 LYSOSTAPHIN IMMUNITY FACTOR 281 282 RXN00165 VV0232 3275 1860 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-LIKE ATP-BINDING PROTEIN MDL 283 284 RXN01190 VV0169 8992 10338 MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-LIKE ATP-BINDING PROTEIN MDL 285 286 RXN01102 VV0059 6128 4884 QUINOLONE RESISTANCE NORA PROTEIN 287 288 RXN00788 VV0321 3424 3648 CHLORAMPHENICOL RESISTANCE PROTEIN 289 290 RXN02119 VV0102 11242 9602 A201A-RESISTANCE ATP-BINDING PROTEIN 291 292 RXN01605 VV0137 7124 5610 DAUNORUBICIN RESISTANCE TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 293 294 RXN01091 VV0326 567 4 MAZG PROTEIN 295 296 RXS02979 VV0149 2150 2383 MERCURIC TRANSPORT PROTEIN PERIPLASMIC COMPONENT PRECURSOR 297 298 RXS02987 VV0234 527 294 MERCURIC TRANSPORT PROTEIN PERIPLASMIC COMPONENT PRECURSOR 299 300 RXS03095 VV0057 4056 4424 CADMIUM EFFLUX SYSTEM ACCESSORY PROTEIN HOMOLOG

GenBank ™ Accession No. Gene Name Gene Function Reference A09073 ppg Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase Bachmann, B. et al. “DNA fragment coding for phosphoenolpyruvat corboxylase, recombinant DNA carrying said fragment, strains carrying the recombinant DNA and method for producing L-aminino acids using said strains,” Patent: EP 0358940-A 3 Mar. 21, 1990 A45579, Threonine dehydratase Moeckel, B. et al. “Production of L-isoleucine by means of recombinant A45581, micro-organisms with deregulated threonine dehydratase,” Patent: WO A45583, 9519442-A 5 Jul. 20, 1995 A45585 A45587 AB003132 murC; ftsQ; Kobayashi, M. et al. “Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the ftsZ ftsZ gene from coryneform bacteria,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 236(2): 383-388 (1997) AB015023 murC; ftsQ Wachi, M. et al. “A murC gene from Coryneform bacteria,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 51(2): 223-228 (1999) AB018530 dtsR Kimura, E. et al. “Molecular cloning of a novel gene, dtsR, which rescues the detergent sensitivity of a mutant derived from Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 60(10): 1565-1570 (1996) AB018531 dtsR1; dtsR2 AB020624 murI D-glutamate racemase AB023377 tkt transketolase AB024708 gltB; gltD Glutamine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase large and small subunits AB025424 acn aconitase AB027714 rep Replication protein AB027715 rep; aad Replication protein; aminoglycoside adenyltransferase AF005242 argC N-acetylglutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase AF005635 glnA Glutamine synthetase AF030405 hisF cyclase AF030520 argG Argininosuccinate synthetase AF031518 argF Ornithine carbamolytransferase AF036932 aroD 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase AF038548 pyc Pyruvate carboxylase AF038651 dciAE; apt; Dipeptide-binding protein; adenine Wehmeier, L. et al. “The role of the Corynebacterium glutamicum rel gene in rel phosphoribosyltransferase; GTP (p)ppGpp metabolism,” Microbiology, 144: 1853-1862 (1998) pyrophosphokinase AF041436 argR Arginine repressor AF045998 impA Inositol monophosphate phosphatase AF048764 argH Argininosuccinate lyase AF049897 argC; argJ; N-acetylglutamylphosphate reductase; argB; argD; ornithine acetyltransferase; N- argF; argR; acetylglutamate kinase; acetylornithine argG; argH transminase; ornithine carbamoyltransferase; arginine repressor; argininosuccinate synthase; argininosuccinate lyase AF050109 inhA Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase AF050166 hisG ATP phosphoribosyltransferase AF051846 hisA Phosphoribosylformimino-5-amino-1- phosphoribosyl-4- imidazolecarboxamide isomerase AF052652 metA Homoserine O-acetyltransferase Park, S. et al. “Isolation and analysis of metA, a methionine biosynthetic gene encoding homoserine acetyltransferase in Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Cells., 8(3): 286-294 (1998) AF053071 aroB Dehydroquinate synthetase AF060558 hisH Glutamine amidotransferase AF086704 hisE Phosphoribosyl-ATP- pyrophosphohydrolase AF114233 aroA 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase AF116184 panD L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase Dusch, N. et al. “Expression of the Corynebacterium glutamicum panD gene precursor encoding L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase leads to pantothenate overproduction in Escherichia coli,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(4)1530-1539 (1999) AF124518 aroD; aroE 3-dehydroquinase; shikimate dehydrogenase AF124600 aroC; aroK; Chorismate synthase; shikimate aroB; pepQ kinase; 3-dehydroquinate synthase; putative cytoplasmic peptidase AF145897 inhA AF145898 inhA AJ001436 ectP Transport of ectoine, glycine betaine, Peter, H. et al. “Corynebacterium glutamicum is equipped with four secondary proline carriers for compatible solutes: Identification, sequencing, and characterization of the proline/ectoine uptake system, ProP, and the ectoine/proline/glycine betaine carrier, EctP,” J. Bacteriol., 180(22): 6005-6012 (1998) AJ004934 dapD Tetrahydrodipicolinate succinylase Wehrmann, A. et al. “Different modes of diaminopimelate synthesis and their (incomplete^(i)) role in cell wall integrity: A study with Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Bacteriol., 180(12): 3159-3165 (1998) AJ007732 ppc; secG; Phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase; ?; amt; ocd; high affinity ammonium uptake soxA protein; putative ornithine- cyclodecarboxylase; sarcosine oxidase AJ010319 ftsY, glnB, Involved in cell division; PII protein; Jakoby, M. et al. “Nitrogen regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum; glnD; srp; uridylyltransferase (uridylyl-removing Isolation of genes involved in biochemical characterization of corresponding amtP enzmye); signal recognition particle; proteins,” FEMS Microbiol., 173(2): 303-310 (1999) low affinity ammonium uptake protein AJ132968 cat Chloramphenicol aceteyl transferase AJ224946 mqo L-malate: quinone oxidoreductase Molenaar, D. et al. “Biochemical and genetic characterization of the membrane-associated malate dehydrogenase (acceptor) from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Eur. J. Biochem., 254(2): 395-403 (1998) AJ238250 ndh NADH dehydrogenase AJ238703 porA Porin Lichtinger, T. et al. “Biochemical and biophysical characterization of the cell wall porin of Corynebacterium glutamicum: The channel is formed by a low molecular mass polypeptide,” Biochemistry, 37(43): 15024-15032 (1998) D17429 Transposable element IS31831 Vertes, A. A. et al. “Isolation and characterization of IS31831, a transposable element from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Microbiol., 11(4): 739-746 (1994) D84102 odhA 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Usuda, Y. et al. “Molecular cloning of the Corynebacterium glutamicum (Brevibacterium lactofermentum AJ12036) odhA gene encoding a novel type of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase,” Microbiology, 142: 3347-3354 (1996) E01358 hdh; hk Homoserine dehydrogenase; Katsumata, R. et al. “Production of L-thereonine and L-isoleucine,” Patent: JP homoserine kinase 1987232392-A 1 Oct. 12, 1987 E01359 Upstream of the start codon of Katsumata, R. et al. “Production of L-thereonine and L-isoleucine,” Patent: JP homoserine kinase gene 1987232392-A 2 Oct. 12, 1987 E01375 Tryptophan operon E01376 trpL; trpE Leader peptide; anthranilate synthase Matsui, K. et al. “Tryptophan operon, peptide and protein coded thereby, utilization of tryptophan operon gene expression and production of tryptophan,” Patent: JP 1987244382-A 1 Oct. 24, 1987 E01377 Promoter and operator regions of Matsui, K. et al. “Tryptophan operon, peptide and protein coded thereby, tryptophan operon utilization of tryptophan operon gene expression and production of tryptophan,” Patent: JP 1987244382-A 1 Oct. 24, 1987 E03937 Biotin-synthase Hatakeyama, K. et al. “DNA fragment containing gene capable of coding biotin synthetase and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1992278088-A 1 Oct. 02, 1992 E04040 Diamino pelargonic acid Kohama, K. et al. “Gene coding diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase and aminotransferase desthiobiotin synthetase and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1992330284-A 1 Nov. 18, 1992 E04041 Desthiobiotinsynthetase Kohama, K. et al. “Gene coding diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase and desthiobiotin synthetase and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1992330284-A 1 Nov. 18, 1992 E04307 Flavum aspartase Kurusu, Y. et al. “Gene DNA coding aspartase and utilization thereof,” Patent: JP 1993030977-A 1 Feb. 09, 1993 E04376 Isocitric acid lyase Katsumata, R. et al. “Gene manifestation controlling DNA,” Patent: JP 1993056782-A 3 Mar. 09, 1993 E04377 Isocitric acid lyase N-terminal Katsumata, R. et al. “Gene manifestation controlling DNA,” Patent: JP fragment 1993056782-A 3 Mar. 09, 1993 E04484 Prephenate dehydratase Sotouchi, N. et al. “Production of L-phenylalanine by fermentation,” Patent: JP 1993076352-A 2 Mar. 30, 1993 E05108 Aspartokinase Fugono, N. et al. “Gene DNA coding Aspartokinase and its use,” Patent: JP 1993184366-A 1 Jul. 27, 1993 E05112 Dihydro-dipichorinate synthetase Hatakeyama, K. et al. “Gene DNA coding dihydrodipicolinic acid synthetase and its use,” Patent: JP 1993184371-A 1 Jul. 27, 1993 E05776 Diaminopimelic acid dehydrogenase Kobayashi, M. et al. “Gene DNA coding Diaminopimelic acid dehydrogenase and its use,” Patent: JP 1993284970-A 1 Nov. 02, 1993 E05779 Threonine synthase Kohama, K. et al. “Gene DNA coding threonine synthase and its use,” Patent: JP 1993284972-A 1 Nov. 02, 1993 E06110 Prephenate dehydratase Kikuchi, T. et al. “Production of L-phenylalanine by fermentation method,” Patent: JP 1993344881-A 1 Dec. 27, 1993 E06111 Mutated Prephenate dehydratase Kikuchi, T. et al. “Production of L-phenylalanine by fermentation method,” Patent: JP 1993344881-A 1 Dec. 27, 1993 E06146 Acetohydroxy acid synthetase Inui, M. et al. “Gene capable of coding Acetohydroxy acid synthetase and its use,” Patent: JP 1993344893-A 1 Dec. 27, 1993 E06825 Aspartokinase Sugimoto, M. et al. “Mutant aspartokinase gene,” patent: JP 1994062866-A 1 Mar. 08, 1994 E06826 Mutated aspartokinase alpha subunit Sugimoto, M. et al. “Mutant aspartokinase gene,” patent: JP 1994062866-A 1 Mar. 08, 1994 E06827 Mutated aspartokinase alpha subunit Sugimoto, M. et al. “Mutant aspartokinase gene,” patent: JP 1994062866-A 1 Mar. 08, 1994 E07701 secY Honno, N. et al. “Gene DNA participating in integration of membraneous protein to membrane,” Patent: JP 1994169780-A 1 Jun. 21, 1994 E08177 Aspartokinase Sato, Y. et al. “Genetic DNA capable of coding Aspartokinase released from feedback inhibition and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1994261766-A 1 Sep. 20, 1994 E08178, Feedback inhibition-released Sato, Y. et al. “Genetic DNA capable of coding Aspartokinase released from E08179, Aspartokinase feedback inhibition and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1994261766-A 1 Sep. 20, 1994 E08180, E08181, E08182 E08232 Acetohydroxy-acid isomeroreductase Inui, M. et al. “Gene DNA coding acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase,” Patent: JP 1994277067-A 1 Oct. 04, 1994 E08234 secE Asai, Y. et al. “Gene DNA coding for translocation machinery of protein,” Patent: JP 1994277073-A 1 Oct. 04, 1994 E08643 FT aminotransferase and desthiobiotin Hatakeyama, K. et al. “DNA fragment having promoter function in synthetase promoter region coryneform bacterium,” Patent: JP 1995031476-A 1 Feb. 03, 1995 E08646 Biotin synthetase Hatakeyama, K. et al. “DNA fragment having promoter function in coryneform bacterium,” Patent: JP 1995031476-A 1 Feb. 03, 1995 E08649 Aspartase Kohama, K. et al “DNA fragment having promoter function in coryneform bacterium,” Patent: JP 1995031478-A 1 Feb. 03, 1995 E08900 Dihydrodipicolinate reductase Madori, M. et al. “DNA fragment containing gene coding Dihydrodipicolinate acid reductase and utilization thereof,” Patent: JP 1995075578-A 1 Mar. 20, 1995 E08901 Diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase Madori, M. et al. “DNA fragment containing gene coding Diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase and utilization thereof,” Patent: JP 1995075579-A 1 Mar. 20, 1995 E12594 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase Hatakeyama, K. et al. “Production of L-trypophan,” Patent: JP 1997028391-A 1 Feb. 04, 1997 E12760, transposase Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent: E12759, JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997 E12758 E12764 Arginyl-tRNA synthetase; Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent: diaminopimelic acid JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997 decarboxylase E12767 Dihydrodipicolinic acid synthetase Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent: JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997 E12770 aspartokinase Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent: JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997 E12773 Dihydrodipicolinic acid reductase Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent: JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997 E13655 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Hatakeyama, K. et al. “Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and DNA capable of coding the same,” Patent: JP 1997224661-A 1 Sep. 02, 1997 L01508 IlvA Threonine dehydratase Moeckel, B. et al. “Functional and structural analysis of the threonine dehydratase of Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Bacteriol., 174: 8065-8072 (1992) L07603 EC 4.2.1.15 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7- Chen, C. et al. “The cloning and nucleotide sequence of Corynebacterium phosphate synthase glutamicum 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase gene,” FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 107: 223-230 (1993) L09232 IlvB; ilvN; Acetohydroxy acid synthase large Keilhauer, C. et al. “Isoleucine synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum: ilvC subunit; Acetohydroxy acid synthase molecular analysis of the ilvB-ilvN-ilvC operon,” J. Bacteriol., 175(17): small subunit; Acetohydroxy acid 5595-5603 (1993) isomeroreductase L18874 PtsM Phosphoenolpyruvate sugar Fouet, A et al. “Bacillus subtilis sucrose-specific enzyme II of the phosphotransferase phosphotransferase system: expression in Escherichia coli and homology to enzymes II from enteric bacteria,” PNAS USA, 84(24): 8773-8777 (1987); Lee, J. K. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Corynebacterium glutamicum mannose enzyme II and analyses of the deduced protein sequence,” FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 119(1-2): 137-145 (1994) L27123 aceB Malate synthase Lee, H-S. et al. “Molecular characterization of aceB, a gene encoding malate synthase in Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 4(4): 256-263 (1994) L27126 Pyruvate kinase Jetten, M. S. et al. “Structural and functional analysis of pyruvate kinase from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(7): 2501-2507 (1994) L28760 aceA Isocitrate lyase L35906 dtxr Diphtheria toxin repressor Oguiza, J. A. et al. “Molecular cloning, DNA sequence analysis, and characterization of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae dtxR from Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” J. Bacteriol., 177(2): 465-467 (1995) M13774 Prephenate dehydratase Follettie, M. T. et al. “Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Corynebacterium glutamicum pheA gene,” J. Bacteriol., 167: 695-702 (1986) M16175 5S rRNA Park, Y-H. et al. “Phylogenetic analysis of the coryneform bacteria by 56 rRNA sequences,” J. Bacteriol., 169: 1801-1806 (1987) M16663 trpE Anthranilate synthase, 5′ end Sano, K. et al. “Structure and function of the trp operon control regions of Brevibacterium lactofermentum, a glutamic-acid-producing bacterium,” Gene, 52: 191-200 (1987) M16664 trpA Tryptophan synthase, 3′end Sano, K. et al. “Structure and function of the trp operon control regions of Brevibacterium lactofermentum, a glutamic-acid-producing bacterium,” Gene, 52: 191-200 (1987) M25819 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase O'Regan, M. et al. “Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-coding gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032,” Gene, 77(2): 237-251 (1989) M85106 23S rRNA gene insertion sequence Roller, C. et al. “Gram-positive bacteria with a high DNA G + C content are characterized by a common insertion within their 23S rRNA genes,” J. Gen. Microbiol., 138: 1167-1175 (1992) M85107, 23S rRNA gene insertion sequence Roller, C. et al. “Gram-positive bacteria with a high DNA G + C content are M85108 characterized by a common insertion within their 23S rRNA genes,” J. Gen. Microbiol., 138: 1167-1175 (1992) M89931 aecD; brnQ; Beta C-S lyase; branched-chain Rossol, I. et al. “The Corynebacterium glutamicum aecD gene encodes a C-S yhbw amino acid uptake carrier; lyase with alpha, beta-elimination activity that degrades aminoethylcysteine,” hypothetical protein yhbw J. Bacteriol., 174(9): 2968-2977 (1992); Tauch, A. et al. “Isoleucine uptake in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 is directed by the brnQ gene product,” Arch. Microbiol., 169(4): 303-312 (1998) S59299 trp Leader gene (promoter) Herry, D. M. et al. “Cloning of the trp gene cluster from a tryptophan- hyperproducing strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum: identification of a mutation in the trp leader sequence,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59(3): 791-799 (1993) U11545 trpD Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase O'Gara, J. P. and Dunican, L. K. (1994) Complete nucleotide sequence of the Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21850 tpD gene.” Thesis, Microbiology Department, University College Galway, Ireland. U13922 cglIM; Putative type II 5-cytosoine Schafer, A. et al. “Cloning and characterization of a DNA region encoding a cglIR; methyltransferase; putative type II stress-sensitive restriction system from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC clgIIR restriction endonuclease; putative 13032 and analysis of its role in intergeneric conjugation with Escherichia type I or type III restriction coli,” J. Bacteriol., 176(23): 7309-7319 (1994); Schafer, A. et al. “The endonuclease Corynebacterium glutamicum cglIM gene encoding a 5-cytosine in an McrBC- deficient Escherichia coli strain,” Gene, 203(2): 95-101 (1997) U14965 recA U31224 ppx Ankri, S. et al. “Mutations in the Corynebacterium glutamicumproline biosynthetic pathway: A natural bypass of the proA step,” J. Bacteriol., 178(15): 4412-4419 (1996) U31225 proC L-proline: NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase Ankri, S. et al. “Mutations in the Corynebacterium glutamicumproline biosynthetic pathway: A natural bypass of the proA step,” J. Bacteriol., 178(15): 4412-4419 (1996) U31230 obg; proB; ?; gamma glutamyl kinase; similar Ankri, S. et al. “Mutations in the Corynebacterium glutamicumproline unkdh to D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid biosynthetic pathway: A natural bypass of the proA step,” J. Bacteriol., dehydrogenases 178(15): 4412-4419 (1996) U31281 bioB Biotin synthase Serebriiskii, I. G., “Two new members of the bio B superfamily: Cloning, sequencing and expression of bio B genes of Methylobacillus flagellatum and Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Gene, 175: 15-22 (1996) U35023 thtR; accBC Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase; acyl Jager, W. et al. “A Corynebacterium glutamicum gene encoding a two-domain CoA carboxylase protein similar to biotin carboxylases and biotin-carboxyl-carrier proteins,” Arch. Microbiol., 166(2); 76-82 (1996) U43535 cmr Multidrug resistance protein Jager, W. et al. “A Corynebacterium glutamicum gene conferring multidrug resistance in the heterologous host Escherichia coli,” J. Bacteriol., 179(7): 2449-2451 (1997) U43536 clpB Heat shock ATP-binding protein U53587 aphA-3 3′5″-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase U89648 Corynebacterium glutamicum unidentified sequence involved in histidine biosynthesis, partial sequence X04960 trpA; trpB; Tryptophan operon Matsui, K. et al. “Complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of trpC; trpD; the Brevibacterium lactofermentum tryptophan operon,” Nucleic Acids Res., trpE; trpG; 14(24): 10113-10114 (1986) trpL X07563 lys A DAP decarboxylase (meso- Yeh, P. et al. “Nucleic sequence of the lysA gene of Corynebacterium diaminopimelate decarboxylase, glutamicum and possible mechanisms for modulation of its expression,” Mol. EC 4.1.1.20) Gen. Genet., 212(1): 112-119 (1988) X14234 EC 4.1.1.31 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Eikmanns, B. J. et al. “The Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum: Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression,” Mol. Gen. Genet., 218(2): 330-339 (1989); Lepiniec, L. et al. “Sorghum Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene family: structure, function and molecular evolution,” Plant. Mol. Biol., 21 (3): 487-502 (1993) X17313 fda Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase Von der Osten, C. H. et al. “Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and fine- structural analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum fda gene: structural comparison of C. glutamicum fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase to class I and class II aldolases,” Mol. Microbiol., X53993 dapA L-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate Bonnassie, S. et al. “Nucleic sequence of the dapA gene from synthetase (EC 4.2.1.52) Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Nucleic Acids Res., 18(21): 6421 (1990) X54223 AttB-related site Cianciotto, N. et al. “DNA sequence homology between att B-related sites of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and the attP site of lambdacorynephage,” FEMS. Microbiol, Lett., 66: 299-302 (1990) X54740 argS; lysA Arginyl-tRNA synthetase; Marcel, T. et al. “Nucleotide sequence and organization of the upstream region Diaminopimelate of the Corynebacterium glutamicum lysA gene,” Mol. Microbiol., 4(11): decarboxylase 1819-1830 (1990) X55994 trpL; trpE Putative leader peptide; anthranilate Heery, D. M. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the Corynebacterium glutamicum synthase component 1 trpE gene,” Nucleic Acids Res., 18(23): 7138 (1990) X56037 thrC Threonine synthase Han, K. S. et al. “The molecular structure of the Corynebacterium glutamicum threonine synthase gene,” Mol. Microbiol., 4(10): 1693-1702 (1990) X56075 attB-related Attachment site Cianciotto, N. et al. “DNA sequence homology between att B-related sites of site Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and the attP site of lambdacorynephage,” FEMS. Microbiol, Lett., 66: 299-302 (1990) X57226 lysC-alpha; Aspartokinase-alpha subunit; Kalinowski, J. et al. “Genetic and biochemical analysis of the Aspartokinase lysC-beta; Aspartokinase-beta subunit; aspartate from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Microbiol., 5(5): 1197-1204 (1991); asd beta semialdehyde dehydrogenase Kalinowski, J. et al. “Aspartokinase genes lysC alpha and lysC beta overlap and are adjacent to the aspertate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene asd in Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Gen. Genet., 224(3): 317-324 (1990) X59403 gap; pgk; tpi Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; Eikmanns, B. J. “Identification, sequence analysis, and expression of a phosphoglycerate kinase; Corynebacterium glutamicum gene cluster encoding the three glycolytic triosephosphate isomerase enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, and triosephosphate isomeras,” J. Bacteriol., 174(19): 6076-6086 (1992) X59404 gdh Glutamate dehydrogenase Bormann, E. R. et al. “Molecular analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum gdh gene encoding glutamate dehydrogenase,” Mol. Microbiol., 6(3): 317-326 (1992) X60312 lysI L-lysine permease Seep-Feldhaus, A. H. et al. “Molecular analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum lysI gene involved in lysine uptake,” Mol. Microbiol., 5(12): 2995-3005 (1991) X66078 cop1 Ps1 protein Joliff, G. et al. “Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the csp1 gene encoding PS1, one of the two major secreted proteins of Corynebacterium glutamicum: The deduced N-terminal region of PS1 is similar to the Mycobacterium antigen 85 complex,” Mol. Microbiol., 6(16): 2349-2362 (1992) X66112 glt Citrate synthase Eikmanns, B. J. et al. “Cloning sequence, expression and transcriptional analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum gltA gene encoding citrate synthase,” Microbiol., 140: 1817-1828 (1994) X67737 dapB Dihydrodipicolinate reductase X69103 csp2 Surface layer protein PS2 Peyret, J. L. et al. “Characterization of the cspB gene encoding PS2, an ordered surface-layer protein in Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Microbiol., 9(1): 97-109 (1993) X69104 IS3 related insertion element Bonamy, C. et al. “Identification of IS1206, a Corynebacterium glutamicum IS3-related insertion sequence and phylogenetic analysis,” Mol. Microbiol., 14(3): 571-581 (1994) X70959 leuA Isopropylmalate synthase Patek, M. et al. “Leucine synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum: enzyme activities, structure of leuA, and effect of leuA inactivation on lysine synthesis,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(1): 133-140 (1994) X71489 icd Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) Eikmanns, B. J. et al. “Cloning sequence analysis, expression, and inactivation of the Corynebacterium glutamicum icd gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase and biochemical characterization of the enzyme,” J. Bacteriol., 177(3): 774-782 (1995) X72855 GDHA Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) X75083, mtrA 5-methyltryptophan resistance Heery, D. M. et al. “A sequence from a tryptophan-hyperproducing strain of X70584 Corynebacterium glutamicum encoding resistance to 5-methyltryptophan,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 201(3): 1255-1262 (1994) X75085 recA Fitzpatrick, R. et al. “Construction and characterization of recA mutant strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 42(4): 575-580 (1994) X75504 aceA; thiX Partial Isocitrate lyase; ? Reinscheid, D. J. et al. “Characterization of the isocitrate lyase gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum and biochemical analysis of the enzyme,” J. Bacteriol., 176(12): 3474-3483 (1994) X76875 ATPase beta-subunit Ludwig, W. et al. “Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria based on comparative sequence analysis of elongation factor Tu and ATP-synthase beta-subunit genes,” Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 64: 285-305 (1993) X77034 tuf Elongation factor Tu Ludwig, W. et al. “Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria based on comparative sequence analysis of elongation factor Tu and ATP-synthase beta-subunit genes,” Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 64: 285-305 (1993) X77384 recA Billman-Jacobe, H. “Nucleotide sequence of a recA gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” DNA Seq., 4(6): 403-404 (1994) X78491 aceB Malate synthase Reinscheid, D. J. et al. “Malate synthase from Corynebacterium glutamicum pta-ack operon encoding phosphotransacetylase: sequence analysis,” Microbiology, 140: 3099-3108 (1994) X80629 16S rDNA 16S ribosomal RNA Rainey, F. A. et al. “Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Rhodococcus and Norcardia and evidence for the evolutionary origin of the genus Norcardia from within the radiation of Rhodococcus species,” Microbiol., 141: 523-528 (1995) X81191 gluA; gluB; Glutamate uptake system Kronemeyer, W. et al. “Structure of the gluABCD cluster encoding the gluC; gluD glutamate uptake system of Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Bacteriol., 177(5): 1152-1158 (1995) X81379 dapE Succinyldiaminopimelate Wehrmann, A. et al. “Analysis of different DNA fragments of desuccinylase Corynebacterium glutamicum complementing dapE of Escherichia coli,” Microbiology, 40: 3349-56 (1994) X82061 16S rDNA 16S ribosomal RNA Ruimy, R. et al. “Phylogeny of the genus Corynebacterium deduced from analyses of small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences,” Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 45(4): 740-746 (1995) X82928 asd; lysC Aspartate-semialdehyde Serebrijski, I. et al. “Multicopy suppression by asd gene and osmotic stress- dehydrogenase; ? dependent complementation by heterologous proA in proA mutants,” J. Bacteriol., 177(24): 7255-7260 (1995) X82929 proA Gamma-glutamyl phosphate Serebrijski, I. et al. “Multicopy suppression by asd gene and osmotic stress- reductase dependent complementation by heterologous proA in proA mutants,” J. Bacteriol., 177(24): 7255-7260 (1995) X84257 16S rDNA 16S ribosomal RNA Pascual, C. et al. “Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Corynebacterium based on 16S rRNA gene sequences,” Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 45(4): 724-728 (1995) X85965 aroP; dapE Aromatic amino acid permease; ? Wehrmann, A. et al. “Functional analysis of sequences adjacent to dapE of Corynebacterium glutamicumproline reveals the presence of aroP, which encodes the aromatic amino acid transporter,” J. Bacteriol., 177(20): 5991-5993 (1995) X86157 argB; argC; Acetylglutamate kinase; N-acetyl- Sakanyan, V. et al. “Genes and enzymes of the acetyl cycle of arginine argD; argF; gamma-glutamyl-phosphate biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum: enzyme evolution in the early argJ reductase; acetylornithine steps of the arginine pathway,” Microbiology, 142: 99-108 (1996) aminotransferase; ornithine carbamoyltransferase; glutamate N- acetyltransferase X89084 pta; ackA Phosphate acetyltransferase; Reinscheid, D. J. et al. “Cloning, sequence analysis, expression and inactivation acetate kinase of the Corynebacterium glutamicum pta-ack operon encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase,” Microbiology, 145: 503-513 (1999) X89850 attB Attachment site Le Marrec, C. et al. “Genetic characterization of site-specific integration functions of phi AAU2 infecting “Arthrobacter aureus C70,” J. Bacteriol., 178(7): 1996-2004 (1996) X90356 Promoter fragment F1 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90357 Promoter fragment F2 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90358 Promoter fragment F10 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90359 Promoter fragment F13 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90360 Promoter fragment F22 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90361 Promoter fragment F34 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90362 Promoter fragment F37 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90363 Promoter fragment F45 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90364 Promoter fragment F64 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90365 Promoter fragment F75 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90366 Promoter fragment PF101 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90367 Promoter fragment PF104 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X90368 Promoter fragment PF109 Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology, 142: 1297-1309 (1996) X93513 amt Ammonium transport system Siewe, R. M. et al. “Functional and genetic characterization of the (methyl) ammonium uptake carrier of Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Biol. Chem., 271(10): 5398-5403 (1996) X93514 betP Glycine betaine transport system Peter, H. et al. “Isolation, characterization, and expression of the Corynebacterium glutamicum betP gene, encoding the transport system for the compatible solute glycine betaine,” J. Bacteriol., 178(17): 5229-5234 (1996) X95649 orf4 Patek, M. et al. “Identification and transcriptional analysis of the dapB-ORF2- dapA-ORF4 operon of Corynebacterium glutamicum, encoding two enzymes involved in L-lysine synthesis,” Biotechnol. Lett., 19: 1113-1117 (1997) X96471 lysE; lysG Lysine exporter protein; Lysine export Vrljic, M. et al. “A new type of transporter with a new type of cellular regulator protein function: L-lysine export from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Microbiol., 22(5): 815-826 (1996) X96580 panB; panC; 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate Sahm, H. et al. “D-pantothenate synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum and xylB hydroxymethyltransferase; pantoate- use of panBC and genes encoding L-valine synthesis for D-pantothenate beta-alanine ligase; xylulokinase overproduction,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(5): 1973-1979 (1999) X96962 Insertion sequence IS1207 and transposase X99289 Elongation factor P Ramos, A. et al. “Cloning, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding elongation factor P in the amino-acid producer Brevibacterium lactofermentum (Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13869),” Gene, 198: 217-222 (1997) Y00140 thrB Homoserine kinase Mateos, L. M. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the homoserine kinase (thrB) gene of the Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Nucleic Acids Res., 15(9): 3922 (1987) Y00151 ddh Meso-diaminopimelate D- Ishino, S. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the meso-diaminopimelate D- dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.16) dehydrogenase gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Nucleic Acids Res., 15(9): 3917 (1987) Y00476 thrA Homoserine dehydrogenase Mateos, L. M. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the homoserine dehydrogenase (thrA) gene of the Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Nucleic Acids Res., 15(24): 10598 (1987) Y00546 hom; thrB Homoserine dehydrogenase; Peoples, O. P. et al. “Nucleotide sequence and fine structural analysis of the homoserine kinase Corynebacterium glutamicum hom-thrB operon,” Mol. Microbiol., 2(1): 63-72 (1988) Y08964 murC; ftsQ/ UPD-N-acetylmuramate-alanine Honrubia, M. P. et al. “Identification, characterization, and chromosomal divD; ftsZ ligase; division initiation protein organization of the ftsZ gene from Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Mol. Gen. or cell division protein; cell Genet., 259(1): 97-104 (1998) division protein Y09163 putP High affinity proline transport system Peter, H. et al. “Isolation of the putP gene of Corynebacterium glutamicumproline and characterization of a low-affinity uptake system for compatible solutes,” Arch. Microbiol., 168(2): 143-151 (1997) Y09548 pyc Pyruvate carboxylase Peters-Wendisch, P. G. et al. “Pyruvate carboxylase from Corynebacterium glutamicum: characterization, expression and inactivation of the pyc gene,” Microbiology, 144: 915-927 (1998) Y09578 leuB 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase Patek, M. et al. “Analysis of the leuB gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50(1): 42-47 (1998) Y12472 Attachment site bacteriophage Phi-16 Moreau, S. et al. “Site-specific integration of corynephage Phi-16: The construction of an integration vector,” Microbiol., 145: 539-548 (1999) Y12537 proP Proline/ectoine uptake system protein Peter, H. et al. “Corynebacterium glutamicum is equipped with four secondary carriers for compatible solutes: Identification, sequencing, and characterization of the proline/ectoine uptake system, ProP, and the ectoine/proline/glycine betaine carrier, EctP,” J. Bacteriol., 180(22): 6005-6012 (1998) Y13221 glnA Glutamine synthetase I Jakoby, M. et al. “Isolation of Corynebacterium glutamicum glnA gene encoding glutamine synthetase I,” FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 154(1): 81-88 (1997) Y16642 lpd Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Y18059 Attachment site Corynephage 304L Moreau, S. et al. “Analysis of the integration functions of &phi; 304L: An integrase module among corynephages,” Virology, 255(1): 150-159 (1999) Z21501 argS; lysA Arginyl-tRNA synthetase; Oguiza, J. A. et al. “A gene encoding arginyl-tRNA synthetase is located in the diaminopimelate decarboxylase upstream region of the lysA gene in Brevibacterium lactofermentum: (partial) Regulation of argS-lysA cluster expression by arginine,” J. Bacteriol., 175(22): 7356-7362 (1993) Z21502 dapA; dapB Dihydrodipicolinate synthase; Pisabarro, A. et al. “A cluster of three genes (dapA, orf2, and dapB) of dihydrodipicolinate reductase Brevibacterium lactofermentum encodes dihydrodipicolinate reductase, and a third polypeptide of unknown function,” J. Bacteriol., 175(9): 2743-2749 (1993) Z29563 thrC Threonine synthase Malumbres, M. et al. “Analysis and expression of the thrC gene of the encoded threonine synthase,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(7)2209-2219 (1994) Z46753 16S rDNA Gene for 16S ribosomal RNA Z49822 sigA SigA sigma factor Oguiza, J. A. et al “Multiple sigma factor genes in Brevibacterium lactofermentum: Characterization of sigA and sigB,” J. Bacteriol., 178(2): 550-553 (1996) Z49823 galE; dtxR Catalytic activity UDP-galactose 4- Oguiza, J. A. et al “The galE gene encoding the UDP-galactose 4-epimerase of epimerase; diphtheria toxin regulatory Brevibacterium lactofermentum is coupled transcriptionally to the dmdR protein gene,” Gene, 177: 103-107 (1996) Z49824 orf1; sigB ?; SigB sigma factor Oguiza, J. A. et al “Multiple sigma factor genes in Brevibacterium lactofermentum: Characterization of sigA and sigB,” J. Bacteriol., 178(2): 550-553 (1996) Z66534 Transposase Correia, A. et al. “Cloning and characterization of an IS-like element present in the genome of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869,” Gene, 170(1): 91-94 (1996) ¹A sequence for this gene was published in the indicated reference. However, the sequence obtained by the inventors of the present application is significantly longer than the published version. It is believed that the published version relied on an incorrect start codon, and thus represents only a fragment of the actual coding region.

TABLE 3 Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium Strains Which May be Used in the Practice of the Invention Genus species ATCC FERM NRRL CECT NCIMB CBS NCTC DSMZ Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 21054 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 19350 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 19351 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 19352 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 19353 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 19354 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 19355 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 19356 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 21055 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 21077 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 21553 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 21580 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 39101 Brevibacterium butanicum 21196 Brevibacterium divaricatum 21792 P928 Brevibacterium flavum 21474 Brevibacterium flavum 21129 Brevibacterium flavum 21518 Brevibacterium flavum B11474 Brevibacterium flavum B11472 Brevibacterium flavum 21127 Brevibacterium flavum 21128 Brevibacterium flavum 21427 Brevibacterium flavum 21475 Brevibacterium flavum 21517 Brevibacterium flavum 21528 Brevibacterium flavum 21529 Brevibacterium flavum B11477 Brevibacterium flavum B11478 Brevibacterium flavum 21127 Brevibacterium flavum B11474 Brevibacterium healii 15527 Brevibacterium ketoglutamicum 21004 Brevibacterium ketoglutamicum 21089 Brevibacterium ketosoreductum 21914 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 70 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 74 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 77 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 21798 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 21799 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 21800 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 21801 Brevibacterium lactofermentum B11470 Brevibacterium lactofermentum B11471 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 21086 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 21420 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 21086 Brevibacterium lactofermentum 31269 Brevibacterium linens 9174 Brevibacterium linens 19391 Brevibacterium linens 8377 Brevibacterium paraffinolyticum 11160 Brevibacterium spec. 717.73 Brevibacterium spec. 717.73 Brevibacterium spec. 14604 Brevibacterium spec. 21860 Brevibacterium spec. 21864 Brevibacterium spec. 21865 Brevibacterium spec. 21866 Brevibacterium spec. 19240 Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum 21476 Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum 13870 Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum B11473 Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum B11475 Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum 15806 Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum 21491 Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum 31270 Corynebacterium acetophilum B3671 Corynebacterium ammoniagenes 6872 2399 Corynebacterium ammoniagenes 15511 Corynebacterium fujiokense 21496 Corynebacterium glutamicum 14067 Corynebacterium glutamicum 39137 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21254 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21255 Corynebacterium glutamicum 31830 Corynebacterium glutamicum 13032 Corynebacterium glutamicum 14305 Corynebacterium glutamicum 15455 Corynebacterium glutamicum 13058 Corynebacterium glutamicum 13059 Corynebacterium glutamicum 13060 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21492 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21513 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21526 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21543 Corynebacterium glutamicum 13287 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21851 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21253 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21514 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21516 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21299 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21300 Corynebacterium glutamicum 39684 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21488 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21649 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21650 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19223 Corynebacterium glutamicum 13869 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21157 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21158 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21159 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21355 Corynebacterium glutamicum 31808 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21674 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21562 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21563 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21564 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21565 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21566 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21567 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21568 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21569 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21570 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21571 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21572 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21573 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21579 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19049 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19050 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19051 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19052 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19053 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19054 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19055 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19056 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19057 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19058 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19059 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19060 Corynebacterium glutamicum 19185 Corynebacterium glutamicum 13286 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21515 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21527 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21544 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21492 Corynebacterium glutamicum B8183 Corynebacterium glutamicum B8182 Corynebacterium glutamicum B12416 Corynebacterium glutamicum B12417 Corynebacterium glutamicum B12418 Corynebacterium glutamicum B11476 Corynebacterium glutamicum 21608 Corynebacterium lilium P973 Corynebacterium nitrilophilus 21419 11594 Corynebacterium spec. P4445 Corynebacterium spec. P4446 Corynebacterium spec. 31088 Corynebacterium spec. 31089 Corynebacterium spec. 31090 Corynebacterium spec. 31090 Corynebacterium spec. 31090 Corynebacterium spec. 15954 20145 Corynebacterium spec. 21857 Corynebacterium spec. 21862 Corynebacterium spec. 21863 ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA FERM: Fermentation Research Institute, Chiba, Japan NRRL: ARS Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IL, USA CECT: Coleccion Espanola de Cultivos Tipo, Valencia, Spain NCIMB: National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Ltd., Aberdeen, UK CBS: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, NL NCTC: National Collection of Type Cultures, London, UK DSMZ: Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany For reference see Sugawara, H. et al. (1993) World directory of collections of cultures of microorganisms: Bacteria, fungi and yeasts (4^(th) edn), World federation for culture collections world data center on microorganisms, Saimata, Japen.

TABLE 4 ALIGNMENT RESULTS % length homology Date of ID # (NT) Genbank Hit Length Accession Name of Genbank Hit Source of Genbank Hit (GAP) Deposit rxa00062 1521 GB_HTG2: AC007366 185001 AC007366 Homo sapiens clone NH0501G22, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 3 unordered Homo sapiens 39,080 5-Jun-99 pieces. rxa00084 948 GB_PR3: HSU80741 912 U80741 Homo sapiens CAGH44 mRNA, partial cds. Homo sapiens 39,264 18-DEC-1997 GB_PL1: BNDNATRNA 1732 X89901 B. nigra DNA for tRNA like gene. Brassica nigra 36,725 6-Feb-97 GB_PR3: HSU80741 912 U80741 Homo sapiens CAGH44 mRNA, partial cds. Homo sapiens 38,957 18-DEC-1997 rxa00109 735 GB_GSS9: AQ163721 388 AQ163721 HS_2245_A1_F07_MF CIT Approved Human Genomic Sperm Library D Homo sapiens Homo sapiens 45,066 16-OCT-1998 genomic clone Plate = 2245 Col = 13 Row = K, genomic survey sequence. GB_HTG4: AC007054 171979 AC007054 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 2 clone BACR45O18 (D527) RPCI-98 45.O.18 Drosophila 36,589 13-OCT-1999 map 41E-41E strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS***, 13 unordered melanogaster pieces. GB_HTG4: AC007054 171979 AC007054 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 2 clone BACR45O18 (D527) RPCI-98 45.O.18 Drosophila 36,589 13-OCT-1999 map 41E-41E strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS***, 13 unordered melanogaster pieces. rxa00215 1449 GB_BA1: SC9C7 31360 AL035161 Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid 9C7. Streptomyces 44,444 12-Jan-99 coelicolor GB_BA1: SCE94 38532 AL049628 Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid E94. Streptomyces 36,313 12-Apr-99 coelicolor GB_BA2: AF110185 20302 AF110185 Burkholderia pseudomallei strain 1026b DbhB (dbhB), general secretory pathway Burkholderia 44,159 2-Aug-99 protein D (gspD), general secretory pathway protein E (gspE), general secretory pseudomallei pathway protein F (gspF), GspC (gspC), general secretory pathway protein G (gspG), general secretory pathway protein H (gspH), general secretory pathway protein I (gspI), general secretory pathway protein J (gspJ), general secretory pathway protein K (gspK), general secretory pathway protein L (gspL), general secretory pathway protein M (gspM), and general secretory pathway protein N (gspN) genes, complete cds; and unknown genes. rxa00289 1299 GB_EST6: N80167 384 N80167 za65g02.s1 Soares fetal liver spleen 1NFLS Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 297458 Homo sapiens 40,420 29-MAR-1996 3′, mRNA sequence. GB_STS: G37084 384 G37084 SHGC-56832 Human Homo sapiens STS genomic, sequence tagged site. Homo sapiens 40,420 30-MAR-1998 GB_STS: G37084 384 G37084 SHGC-56832 Human Homo sapiens STS genomic, sequence tagged site. Homo sapiens 40,420 30-MAR-1998 rxa00404 2439 GB_BA1: MTCY22D7 31859 Z83866 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 133/162. Mycobacterium 60,271 17-Jun-98 tuberculosis GB_BA1: ECU82598 136742 U82598 Escherichia coli genomic sequence of minutes 9 to 12. Escherichia coli 54,256 15-Jan-97 GB_BA2: AE000165 12003 AE000165 Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 section 55 of 400 of the complete genome. Escherichia coli 54,256 12-Nov-98 rxa00479 2313 GB_BA1: SCF43A 35437 AL096837 Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid F43A. Streptomyces 36,245 13-Jul-99 coelicolor A3(2) GB_GSS2: CNS015U4 1036 AL105910 Drosophila melanogaster genome survey sequence SP6 end of BAC BACN14G08 of Drosophila 37,573 26-Jul-99 DrosBAC library from Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), genomic survey sequence. melanogaster GB_PR3: HSA494O16 50502 AL117328 Human DNA sequence from clone 494O16 on chromosome 22, complete sequence. Homo sapiens 36,475 23-Nov-99 rxa00497 420 GB_BA1: MTCY78 33818 Z77165 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 145/162. Mycobacterium 40,250 17-Jun-98 tuberculosis GB_BA2: AF079544 817 AF079544 Mycobacterium avium GroESL operon, partial sequence. Mycobacterium avium 64,439 16-Aug-98 GB_BA1: MTGROEOP 2987 X60350 M. tuberculosis groE gene for KCS and 10-kDa products. Mycobacterium 62,857 23-Apr-92 tuberculosis rxa00575 rxa00599 510 GB_GSS10: AQ199703 439 AQ199703 RPCI11-46O13.TJ RPCI-11 Homo sapiens genomic clone RPCI-11-46O13, genomic Homo sapiens 42,657 20-Apr-99 survey sequence. GB_PR2: AC002127 144165 AC002127 Human BAC clone RG305H12 from 7q21, complete sequence. Homo sapiens 37,052 27-MAY-1997 GB_STS: G51234 439 G51234 SHGC-80708 Human Homo sapiens STS genomic, sequence tagged site. Homo sapiens 42,657 25-Jun-99 rxa00600 1221 GB_BA1: MTCY441 35187 Z80225 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 118/162. Mycobacterium 56,183 18-Jun-98 tuberculosis GB_BA1: MSGY223 42061 AD000019 Mycobacterium tuberculosis sequence from clone y223. Mycobacterium 37,217 10-DEC-1996 tuberculosis GB_BA1: BSUB0014 213420 Z99117 Bacillus subtilis complete genome (section 14 of 21): from 2599451 to 2812870. Bacillus subtilis 36,553 26-Nov-97 rxa00605 1603 GB_BA2: AF069070 2776 AF069070 Endosymbiont of Onchocerca volvulus catalase gene, complete cds. endosymbiont of 55,396 25-Nov-98 Onchocerca volvulus GB_BA1: OVCAT 1845 X82176 Onchocerca volvulus endobacterial mRNA for catalase. endosymbiont of 55,396 26-Nov-98 Onchocerca volvulus GB_BA1: SC2G5 38404 AL035478 Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid 2G5. Streptomyces 39,530 11-Jun-99 coelicolor rxa00648 1533 GB_HTG1: HS74O16 169401 AL110119 Homo sapiens chromosome 21 clone RPCIP704O1674 map 21q21, *** SEQUENCING Homo sapiens 36,327 27-Aug-99 IN PROGRESS ***, in unordered pieces. GB_HTG1: HS74O16 169401 AL110119 Homo sapiens chromosome 21 clone RPCIP704O1674 map 21q21, *** SEQUENCING Homo sapiens 36,327 27-Aug-99 IN PROGRESS ***, in unordered pieces. GB_HTG1: HS74O16 169401 AL110119 Homo sapiens chromosome 21 clone RPCIP704O1674 map 21q21, *** SEQUENCING Homo sapiens 35,119 27-Aug-99 IN PROGRESS ***, in unordered pieces. rxa00764 1239 GB_EST36: AI898007 609 AI898007 EST267450 tomato ovary, TAMU Lycopersicon esculentum cDNA clone cLED31K22, Lycopersicon 34,323 27-Jul-99 mRNA sequence. esculentum GB_BA2: PAU93274 8008 U93274 Pseudomonas aeruginosa YafE (yafE), LeuB (leuB), Asd (asd), FimV (fimV), and HisT Pseudomonas 35,895 23-Jun-98 (hisT) genes, complete cds; TrpF (trpF) gene, partial cds; and unknown gene. aeruginosa GB_BA2: PAU93274 8008 U93274 Pseudomonas aeruginosa YafE (yafE), LeuB (leuB), Asd (asd), FimV (fimV), and HisT Pseudomonas 41,417 23-Jun-98 (hisT) genes, complete cds; TrpF (trpF) gene, partial cds; and unknown gene. aeruginosa rxa00803 1353 GB_IN2: CELH34C03 27748 AF100662 Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid H34C03. Caenorhabditis 34,152 28-OCT-1998 elegans GB_HTG2: AC007905 100722 AC007905 Homo sapiens chromosome 16q24.3 clone PAC 754F23, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 37,472 24-Jun-99 PROGRESS ***, 33 unordered pieces. GB_HTG2: AC007905 100722 AC007905 Homo sapiens chromosome 16q24.3 clone PAC 754F23, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 37,472 24-Jun-99 PROGRESS ***, 33 unordered pieces. rxa00810 324 GB_BA1: MTY15C10 33050 Z95436 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 154/162. Mycobacterium 34,615 17-Jun-98 tuberculosis GB_BA1: MLCB2548 38916 AL023093 Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B2548. Mycobacterium leprae 34,615 27-Aug-99 GB_BA1: ECOUW76 225419 U00039 E. coli chromosomal region from 76.0 to 81.5 minutes. Escherichia coli 52,997 7-Nov-96 rxa00829 2463 GB_BA1: SC5C7 41906 AL031515 Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid 5C7. Streptomyces 65,269 7-Sep-98 coelicolor GB_BA1: SC5F2A 40105 AL049587 Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid 5F2A. Streptomyces 37,490 24-MAY-1999 coelicolor GB_BA1: STMDRRC 3374 L76359 Streptomyces peucetius daunorubicin resistance protein (drrC) gene, complete cds. Streptomyces peucetius 55,279 24-DEC-1996 rxa00843 468 GB_BA1: MTCY9C4 15916 Z77250 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 113/162. Mycobacterium 40,000 17-Jun-98 tuberculosis GB_BA1: MTCY9C4 15916 Z77250 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 113/162. Mycobacterium 37,773 17-Jun-98 tuberculosis rxa00858 568 GB_BA1: SCC54 30753 AL035591 Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid C54. Streptomyces 39,602 11-Jun-99 coelicolor GB_EST18: N96610 547 N96610 21285 Lambda-PRL1 Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA clone F10G3T7, mRNA sequence. Arabidopsis thaliana 37,801 5-Jan-98 GB_EST18: T45493 436 T45493 8756 Lambda-PRL2 Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA clone 133C14T7, mRNA sequence. Arabidopsis thaliana 34,194 4-Aug-98 rxa00886 1269 GB_BA1: SYCSLLLH 132106 D64006 Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 complete genome, 25/27, 3138604-3270709. Synechocystis sp. 37,459 13-Feb-99 GB_BA1: SCDNAJ 5611 X77458 S. coelicolor dnaK, grpE and dnaJ genes. Streptomyces 49,744 21-Nov-96 coelicolor GB_BA1: STMDNAK 4648 L46700 Streptomyces coelicolor (strain A3(2)) dnaK operon encoding molecular chaperones Streptomyces 49,583 22-Nov-96 (dnaK, dnaJ), grpE and hspR genes, complete cds's. coelicolor rxa00900 975 GB_BA2: ECOUW67_0 110000 U18997 Escherichia coli K-12 chromosomal region from 67.4 to 76.0 minutes. Escherichia coli 38,314 U18997 GB_BA2: ECOUW67_0 110000 U18997 Escherichia coli K-12 chromosomal region from 67.4 to 76.0 minutes. Escherichia coli 37,759 U18997 GB_BA2: AE000393 10516 AE000393 Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 section 283 of 400 of the complete genome. Escherichia coli 38,314 12-Nov-98 rxa00901 537 GB_HTG3: AC010757 175571 AC010757 Homo sapiens chromosome 18 clone 128_C_18 map 18, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 34,857 22-Sep-99 PROGRESS ***, 20 unordered pieces. GB_HTG3: AC010757 175571 AC010757 Homo sapiens chromosome 18 clone 128_C_18 map 18, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 34,857 22-Sep-99 PROGRESS ***, 20 unordered pieces. GB_HTG3: AC011283 87295 AC011283 Homo sapiens clone MS2016A09, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 1 unordered Homo sapiens 35,448 07-OCT-1999 pieces. rxa00981 753 GB_OV: GGA245664 512 AJ245664 Gallus gallus partial mRNA for ATP-citrate lyase (ACL gene). Gallus gallus 37,538 28-Sep-99 GB_PL2: AC007887 159434 AC007887 Genomic sequence for Arabidopsis thaliana BAC F15O4 from chromosome I, complete Arabidopsis thaliana 37,600 04-OCT-1999 sequence. GB_GSS1: CNS00RNW 542 AL087338 Arabidopsis thaliana genome survey sequence T7 end of BAC F14D7 of IGF library from Arabidopsis thaliana 41,264 28-Jun-99 strain Columbia of Arabidopsis thaliana, genomic survey sequence. rxa00995 864 GB_EST29: AI553951 450 AI553951 te54d01.x1 Soares_NFL_T_GBC_S1 Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 2090497 3′ Homo sapiens 42,627 13-Apr-99 similar to gb: X02067 H. sapiens mRNA for 7SL RNA pseudogene (HUMAN);, mRNA sequence. GB_PR3: AC003029 139166 AC003029 Homo sapiens Chromosome 12q24 PAC RPCI3-462E2 (Roswell Park Cancer Institute Homo sapiens 38,915 17-Sep-98 Human PAC library) complete sequence. GB_BA1: EAY14603 4479 Y14603 Erwinia amylovora srlA, srlE, srlB, srlD, srlM and srlR genes. Erwinia amylovora 37,694 6-Jan-98 rxa00996 864 GB_BA2: AE001001 10730 AE001001 Archaeoglobus fulgidus section 106 of 172 of the complete genome. Archaeoglobus 41,078 15-DEC-1997 fulgidus GB_EST30: AV018764 242 AV018764 AV018764 Mus musculus 18-day embryo C57BL/6J Mus musculus cDNA clone Mus musculus 39,669 28-Aug-99 1190006M16, mRNA sequence. GB_GSS3: B24189 377 B24189 F19E16TF IGF Arabidopsis thaliana genomic clone F19E16, genomic survey sequence. Arabidopsis thaliana 44,385 10-OCT-1997 rxa01010 1242 GB_OV: AF007068 356 AF007068 Coturnix coturnix arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase mRNA, partial cds. Coturnix coturnix 46,629 12-Jul-97 GB_EST10: AA166324 514 AA166324 ms50c09.r1 Life Tech mouse embryo 13 5dpc 10666014 Mus musculus cDNA clone Mus musculus 38,677 19-DEC-1996 IMAGE: 614992 5′ similar to SW: NEST_RAT P21263 NESTIN.;, mRNA sequence. GB_EST7: W89968 46 W89968 mf64g11.r1 Soares mouse embryo NbME13.5 14.5 Mus musculus cDNA clone Mus musculus 58,696 12-Sep-96 IMAGE: 419108 5′ similar to SW: NEST_RAT P21263 NESTIN. [1];, mRNA sequence. rxa01051 732 GB_GSS12: AQ381423 579 AQ381423 RPCI11-135F10.TJ RPCI-11 Homo sapiens genomic clone RPCI-11-135F10, genomic Homo sapiens 37,651 21-MAY-1999 survey sequence. GB_HTG6: AC010901 206121 AC010901 Homo sapiens clone RP11-544J22, WORKING DRAFT SEQUENCE, 1 unordered Homo sapiens 36,011 04-DEC-1999 pieces. GB_GSS5: AQ746932 837 AQ746932 HS_5538_A1_A11_T7A RPCI-11 Human Male BAC Library Homo sapiens genomic Homo sapiens 38,640 19-Jul-99 clone Plate = 1114 Col = 21 Row = A, genomic survey sequence. rxa01052 432 GB_IN1: CELC13D9 43487 AF016420 Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid C13D9. Caenorhabditis 39,344 2-Aug-97 elegans GB_IN1: CELC13D9 43487 AF016420 Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid C13D9. Caenorhabditis 38,780 2-Aug-97 elegans rxa01053 543 GB_OV: CHKMAFG1 1316 D28601 Chicken novel maf-related gene mafG encoding bZip nuclear protein MafG, promoter Gallus gallus 39,205 7-Feb-99 region and exon 1. GB_HTG6: AC010765 146468 AC010765 Homo sapiens clone RP11-115N6, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 26 unordered Homo sapiens 32,961 07-DEC-1999 pieces. GB_HTG6: AC010765 146468 AC010765 Homo sapiens clone RP11-115N6, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 26 unordered Homo sapiens 38,476 07-DEC-1999 pieces. rxa01054 612 GB_PL1: PHNPNGLP 962 D45425 Pharbitis nil mRNA for Pharbitis nil Germin-like protein precursor, complete cds. Ipomoea nil 42,925 10-Feb-99 GB_HTG2: HSJ402N21 170302 AL049553 Homo sapiens chromosome 6 clone RP3-402N21 map p21.1-21.31, ***SEQUENCING Homo sapiens 36,825 03-DEC-1999 IN PROGRESS ***, in unordered pieces. GB_HTG2: HSJ402N21 170302 AL049553 Homo sapiens chromosome 6 clone RP3-402N21 map p21.1-21.31, ***SEQUENCING Homo sapiens 36,825 03-DEC-1999 IN PROGRESS ***, in unordered pieces. rxa01217 723 GB_IN2: CELF18A12 29784 AF016688 Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid F18A12. Caenorhabditis 35,794 08-OCT-1999 elegans GB_IN2: CELF18A12 29784 AF016688 Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid F18A12. Caenorhabditis 40,625 08-OCT-1999 elegans GB_RO: MUSMCFTR 6304 M60493 Mouse cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mRNA, complete Mus musculus 37,793 10-Jun-94 cds. rxa01320 1770 GB_BA2: AF031037 1472 AF031037 Neisseria meningitidis chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, complete cds. Neisseria meningitidis 35,014 21-Apr-98 GB_HTG1: PFMAL13PA 80518 AL109815 Plasmodium falciparum chromosome 13 strain 3D7, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS Plasmodium 17,697 19-Aug-99 ***, in unordered pieces. falciparum GB_HTG1: PFMAL13PA 80518 AL109815 Plasmodium falciparum chromosome 13 strain 3D7, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS Plasmodium 17,697 19-Aug-99 ***, in unordered pieces. falciparum rxa01345 1575 GB_PR3: AC005224 166687 AC005224 Homo sapiens chromosome 17, clone hRPK.214_O_1, complete sequence. Homo sapiens 38,195 14-Aug-98 GB_PR3: AC005224 166687 AC005224 Homo sapiens chromosome 17, clone hRPK.214_O_1, complete sequence. Homo sapiens 36,611 14-Aug-98 GB_HTG3: AC011500_1 300851 AC011500 Homo sapiens chromosome 19 clone CIT978SKB_60E11, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 36,446 AC011500 PROGRESS ***, 246 unordered pieces. rxa01407 1014 GB_HTG3: AC010831 70233 AC010831 Homo sapiens clone 6_L_24, LOW-PASS SEQUENCE SAMPLING. Homo sapiens 35,764 23-Sep-99 GB_HTG3: AC010831 70233 AC010831 Homo sapiens clone 6_L_24, LOW-PASS SEQUENCE SAMPLING. Homo sapiens 35,764 23-Sep-99 GB_PR3: AC004058 38400 AC004058 Homo sapiens chromosome 4 clone B241P19 map 4q25, complete sequence. Homo sapiens 40,778 30-Sep-98 rxa01408 324 GB_PR4: AF152365 246546 AF152365 Homo sapiens constitutive fragile region FRA3B sequence. Homo sapiens 41,234 1-Aug-99 GB_HTG3: AC007890 121256 AC007890 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR02G21 (D722) RPCI-98 02.G.21 Drosophila 39,432 3-Sep-99 map 90E-91A strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS***, 89 unordered melanogaster pieces. GB_HTG3: AC007890 121256 AC007890 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR02G21 (D722) RPCI-98 02.G.21 Drosophila 39,432 3-Sep-99 map 90E-91A strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS***, 89 unordered melanogaster pieces. rxa01524 1566 GB_BA1: BSUB0015 218410 Z99118 Bacillus subtilis complete genome (section 15 of 21): from 2795131 to 3013540. Bacillus subtilis 38,201 26-Nov-97 GB_HTG2: AC008260 107439 AC008260 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 2 clone BACR13J10 (D924) RPCI-98 13.J.10 Drosophila 38,302 2-Aug-99 map 47B-47C strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS***, 82 unordered melanogaster pieces. GB_HTG2: AC008260 107439 AC008260 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 2 clone BACR13J10 (D924) RPCI-98 13.J.10 Drosophila 38,302 2-Aug-99 map 47B-47C strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 82 unordered melanogaster pieces. rxa01578 1510 GB_PR4: AF111170 148083 AF111170 Homo sapiens 14q32 Jagged2 gene, complete cds; and unknown gene. Homo sapiens 37,873 14-Jul-99 GB_PR4: AF111170 148083 AF111170 Homo sapiens 14q32 Jagged2 gene, complete cds; and unknown gene. Homo sapiens 40,220 14-Jul-99 GB_BA1: AEY13732 6740 Y13732 Alcaligenes eutrophus genes for ureases, ureD1, ureD2, ureA, ureB, and ORF1, ORF2. Ralstonia eutropha 42,960 23-Sep-97 rxa01616 1605 GB_BA2: AF088857 2908 AF088857 Vogesella indigofera indigoidine biosynthesis regulatory locus, complete sequence. Vogesella indigofera 37,626 10-Sep-99 GB_IN1: CEM04D8 21552 Z32682 Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid M04D8, complete sequence. Caenorhabditis 37,237 23-Nov-98 elegans GB_EST25: AI281910 276 AI281910 qt82d04.x1 NCI_CGAP_Co14 Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 1961767 3′, mRNA Homo sapiens 38,406 21-DEC-1998 sequence. rxa01666 1500 GB_BA1: CGU43535 2531 U43535 Corynebacterium glutamicum multidrug resistance protein (cmr) gene, complete cds. Corynebacterium 99,933 9-Apr-97 glutamicum GB_HTG3: AC009213 114735 AC009213 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR09F18 (D812) RPCI-98 09.F.18 Drosophila 36,111 23-Aug-99 map 98D-98D strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 109 unordered melanogaster pieces. GB_HTG3: AC009213 114735 AC009213 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR09F18 (D812) RPCI-98 09.F.18 Drosophila 36,111 23-Aug-99 map 98D-98D strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS***, 109 unordered melanogaster pieces. rxa01674 1017 GB_PL1: AB017159 1859 AB017159 Daucus carota mRNA for citrate synthase, complete cds. Daucus carota 39,537 01-MAY-1999 GB_PR1: HUMGNOS48 23142 D26607 Homo sapiens endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, complete cds. Homo sapiens 36,419 13-Jul-99 GB_HTG3: AC011234 154754 AC011234 Homo sapiens clone NH0166D23, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 7 unordered Homo sapiens 36,317 04-OCT-1999 pieces. rxa01873 1359 GB_HTG3: AC009450 124337 AC009450 Homo sapiens chromosome 9 clone 30_C_23 map 9, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 35,303 22-Aug-99 PROGRESS ***, 20 unordered pieces. GB_HTG3: AC009450 124337 AC009450 Homo sapiens chromosome 9 clone 30_C_23 map 9, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 35,303 22-Aug-99 PROGRESS ***, 20 unordered pieces. GB_HTG3: AC009919 134724 AC009919 Homo sapiens clone 115_I_23, LOW-PASS SEQUENCE SAMPLING. Homo sapiens 35,409 8-Sep-99 rxa01922 1275 GB_BA1: ECONEUC 1676 M84026 E. coli protein p7 (neu C) gene, complete cds. Escherichia coli 35,189 26-Apr-93 GB_HTG2: AC007853 116280 AC007853 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR03L02 (D766) RPCI-98 03.L.2 Drosophila 34,365 2-Aug-99 map 96B-96C strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 80 unordered melanogaster pieces. GB_HTG2: AC007853 116280 AC007853 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR03L02 (D766) RPCI-98 03.L.2 Drosophila 34,365 2-Aug-99 map 96B-96C strain y; cn bw sp, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS***, 80 unordered melanogaster pieces. rxa01936 1395 GB_HTG4: AC010037 166249 AC010037 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3L/66B6 clone RPCI98-6E4, *** SEQUENCING Drosophila 38,534 16-OCT-1999 IN PROGRESS ***, 52 unordered pieces. melanogaster GB_HTG4: AC010037 166249 AC010037 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3L/66B6 clone RPCI98-6E4, *** SEQUENCING Drosophila 38,534 16-OCT-1999 IN PROGRESS ***, 52 unordered pieces. melanogaster GB_PR4: AC005552 167228 AC005552 Homo sapiens chromosome 17, clone hRPK.212_E_8, complete sequence. Homo sapiens 36,249 26-Nov-98 rxa01984 420 GB_PR1: HS169C8F 245 Z57239 H. sapiens CpG island DNA genomic Mse1 fragment, clone 169c8, forward read Homo sapiens 45,679 18-OCT-1995 cpg169c8.ft1a. GB_BA1: SERATTBXIS 3255 L11597 Saccharopolyspora erythraea excisionase (xis) gene, integrase (int) gene, complete Saccharopolyspora 36,232 6-Jul-94 cds's and attB site. erythraea GB_EST7: W97557 267 W97557 mf98a09.r1 Soares mouse embryo NbME13.5 14.5 Mus musculus cDNA clone Mus musculus 42,969 16-Jul-96 IMAGE: 422296 5′, mRNA sequence. rxa02060 rxa02087 1470 GB_PR3: AC005544 169045 AC005544 Homo sapiens chromosome 17, clone hRPK.349_A_8, complete sequence. Homo sapiens 35,724 25-Sep-98 GB_PL1: ATF20B18 104738 AL049483 Arabidopsis thaliana DNA chromosome 4, BAC clone F20B18 (ESSA project). Arabidopsis thaliana 35,890 24-MAR-1999 GB_PL2: ATT25K17 89904 AL049171 Arabidopsis thaliana DNA chromosome 4, BAC clone (ESSA project). Arabidopsis thaliana 38,128 27-Aug-99 rxa02088 1338 GB_HTG3: AC008697 167932 AC008697 Homo sapiens chromosome 5 clone CIT978SKB_70D3, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 36,662 3-Aug-99 PROGRESS ***, 54 unordered pieces. GB_HTG3: AC008697 167932 AC008697 Homo sapiens chromosome 5 clone CIT978SKB_70D3, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 36,662 3-Aug-99 PROGRESS ***, 54 unordered pieces. GB_HTG3: AC008703 213971 AC008703 Homo sapiens chromosome 5 clone CIT978SKB_76P12, *** SEQUENCING IN Homo sapiens 34,768 3-Aug-99 PROGRESS ***, 54 unordered pieces. rxa02159 636 GB_BA2: AF049897 9196 AF049897 Corynebacterium glutamicum N-acetylglutamylphosphate reductase (argC), ornithine Corynebacterium 99,843 1-Jul-98 acetyltransferase (argJ), N-acetylglutamate kinase (argB), acetylornithine transaminase glutamicum (argD), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (argF), arginine repressor (argR), argininosuccinate synthase (argG), and argininosuccinate lyase (argH) genes, complete cds. GB_BA2: AF031518 2045 AF031518 Corynebacterium glutamicum ornithine carbamolytransferase (argF) gene, complete cds. Corynebacterium 88,679 5-Jan-99 glutamicum GB_BA2: AF041436 516 AF041436 Corynebacterium glutamicum arginine repressor (argR) gene, complete cds. Corynebacterium 100,000 5-Jan-99 glutamicum rxa02184 504 GB_BA1: BSZ92953 8164 Z92953 B. subtilis yws[A, B, C] genes and rbs[A, C, D, K, R] genes. Bacillus subtilis 38,951 24-Jun-98 GB_EST36: AI878071 593 AI878071 fc57a12.y1 Zebrafish WashU MPIMG EST Danio rerio cDNA 5′ similar to TR: Q13151 Danio rerio 36,774 21-Jul-99 Q13151 HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN A0;, mRNA sequence. GB_EST37: AI958166 641 AI958166 fc91f01.y1 Zebrafish WashU MPIMG EST Danio rerio cDNA 5′ similar to TR: Q13151 Danio rerio 36,774 20-Aug-99 Q13151 HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN A0;, mRNA sequence. rxa02200 1233 GB_PR3: HSA494O16 50502 AL117328 Human DNA sequence from clone 494O16 on chromosome 22, complete sequence. Homo sapiens 38,648 23-Nov-99 GB_HTG2: AC008161 158440 AC008161 Mus musculus clone 182_H_5, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 29 unordered Mus musculus 35,938 28-Jul-99 pieces. GB_HTG2: AC008161 158440 AC008161 Mus musculus clone 182_H_5, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 29 unordered Mus musculus 35,938 28-Jul-99 pieces. rxa02201 486 GB_EST4: H16949 465 H16949 ym34a11.r1 Soares infant brain 1NIB Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 50010 5′, Homo sapiens 38,267 29-Jun-95 mRNA sequence. GB_EST4: H16949 465 H16949 ym34a11.r1 Soares infant brain 1NIB Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 50010 5′, Homo sapiens 36,552 29-Jun-95 mRNA sequence. rxa02202 762 GB_IN1: CELC41A3 37149 U41541 Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid C41A3. Caenorhabditis 41,678 08-DEC-1995 elegans GB_EST33: AV080151 236 AV080151 AV080151 Mus musculus stomach C57BL/6J adult Mus musculus cDNA clone Mus musculus 43,348 25-Jun-99 2210413B04, mRNA sequence. GB_GSS5: AQ766877 545 AQ766877 HS_2017_B2_B08_MR CIT Approved Human Genomic Sperm Library D Homo sapiens Homo sapiens 35,568 28-Jul-99 genomic clone Plate = 2017 Col = 16 Row = D, genomic survey sequence. rxa02205 1002 GB_HTG2: AC005959 127587 AC005959 Homo sapiens, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 2 ordered pieces. Homo sapiens 40,310 11-Nov-98 GB_HTG2: AC005959 127587 AC005959 Homo sapiens, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS ***, 2 ordered pieces. Homo sapiens 40,310 11-Nov-98 GB_IN1: BRPTUBBA 4571 M36380 B. pahangi beta-tubulin gene, complete cds. Brugla pahangi 37,703 26-Apr-93 rxa02305 975 GB_RO: MUSPAFR 1140 D50872 Mouse gene for platelet activating factor receptor, complete cds. Mus musculus 38,420 10-Feb-99 GB_PR3: HUMARL1A 1008 L28997 Homo sapiens ARL1 mRNA, complete cds. Homo sapiens 42,188 13-Jan-95 GB_BA1: MLCB2533 40245 AL035310 Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B2533. Mycobacterium leprae 42,000 27-Aug-99 rxa02431 899 GB_EST4: H35255 407 H35255 EST111890 Rat PC-12 cells, NGF-treated (9 days) Rattus sp. cDNA clone RPNCO03, Rattus sp. 39,098 2-Apr-98 mRNA sequence. GB_HTG1: HS791K14 155318 AL035685 Homo sapiens chromosome 20 clone RP4-791K14, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS Homo sapiens 39,456 23-Nov-99 ***, in unordered pieces. GB_HTG1: HS791K14 155318 AL035685 Homo sapiens chromosome 20 clone RP4-791K14, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS Homo sapiens 39,456 23-Nov-99 ***, in unordered pieces. rxa02446 558 GB_BA2: AF036166 895 AF036166 Xanthomonas campestris organic hydroperoxide resistance protein (ohr) gene, complete Xanthomonas 49,369 19-MAY-1998 cds. campestris GB_EST5: N25122 620 N25122 yx19d10.r1 Soares melanocyte 2NbHM Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 262195 5′, Homo sapiens 35,417 28-DEC-1995 mRNA sequence. GB_EST5: N25122 620 N25122 yx19d10.r1 Soares melanocyte 2NbHM Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 262195 5′, Homo sapiens 37,172 28-DEC-1995 mRNA sequence. rxa02541 1308 GB_BA2: DPU93358 1267 U93358 Deinococcus proteolyticus 40 kDa heat shock chaperone protein (dnaJ) gene, complete Deinococcus 42,115 17-Jan-98 cds. proteolyticus GB_EST30: AI658096 343 AI658096 fc14c09.y1 Zebrafish WashU MPIMG EST Danio rerio cDNA 5′ similar to Danio rerio 52,059 06-MAY-1999 SW: DNJ2_HUMAN P31689 DNAJ PROTEIN HOMOLOG 2.;, mRNA sequence. GB_EST37: AI959242 545 AI959242 fd25h11.y1 Zebrafish WashU MPIMG EST Danio rerio cDNA 5′ similar to Danio rerio 45,438 20-Aug-99 SW: DNJ2_HUMAN P31689 DNAJ PROTEIN HOMOLOG 2.;, mRNA sequence. rxa02542 777 EM_PAT: E10832 1856 E10832 DNA encoding Dnak protein which is one of heat shock protein from Corynebacterium 99,000 08-OCT-1997 glutamicum (Rel. 52, Created) GB_EST24: Z82017 396 Z82017 SSZ82017 Porcine small intestine cDNA library Sus scrofa cDNA clone c12c06 5′ similar Sus scrofa 37,067 30-Apr-99 to eukaryotic initiation factor 4 gamma, mRNA sequence. GB_OM: CATERYTHRO 681 L10606 Cat erythropoietin mRNA, 3′ end. Felis catus 39,409 14-OCT-1993 rxa02543 1977 EM_PAT: E10832 1856 E10832 DNA encoding Dnak protein which is one of heat shock protein from Corynebacterium 97,306 08-OCT-1997 glutamicum (Rel. 52, Created) GB_BA1: MPHSP70 2179 X59437 M. paratuberculosis gene for 70 kD heat shock protein. Mycobacterium avium 73,404 23-Apr-92 subsp. paratuberculosis GB_BA1: MTY13E10 35019 Z95324 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 18/162. Mycobacterium 72,028 17-Jun-98 tuberculosis rxa02586 393 GB_IN2: AC006472 156362 AC006472 Drosophila melanogaster, chromosome 2R, region 45E1-46A2, BAC clone Drosophila 37,958 30-Jan-99 BACR48G21, complete sequence. melanogaster GB_HTG4: AC010020 106541 AC010020 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3L/66D10 clone RPCI98-26I3, *** SEQUENCING Drosophila 37,333 16-OCT-1999 IN PROGRESS ***, 55 unordered pieces. melanogaster GB_HTG4: AC010020 106541 AC010020 Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3L/66D10 clone RPCI98-26I3, *** SEQUENCING Drosophila 37,333 16-OCT-1999 IN PROGRESS ***, 55 unordered pieces. melanogaster rxa02587 2214 GB_BA1: MLCL622 42498 Z95398 Mycobacterium leprae cosmid L622. Mycobacterium leprae 39,848 24-Jun-97 GB_RO: AF074879 3316 AF074879 Rattus norvegicus testis-specific protein TSPY gene, complete cds. Rattus norvegicus 35,830 6-Jul-99 GB_RO: RNJ001380 2641 AJ001380 Rattus norvegicus Tspy partial genomic sequence, exons 1-6. Rattus norvegicus 37,702 29-Jun-98 rxs03217 331 GB_BA1: MLCB2548 38916 AL023093 Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B2548. Mycobacterium leprae 37,888 27-Aug-99 GB_HTG2: HSJ662M14 174772 AL079336 Homo sapiens chromosome 20 clone RP4-662M14, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS Homo sapiens 36,420 4-Feb-00 ***, 10 unordered pieces. GB_HTG2: HSJ662M14 174772 AL079336 Homo sapiens chromosome 20 clone RP4-662M14, *** SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS Homo sapiens 35,962 4-Feb-00 ***, 10 unordered pieces. 

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of a) an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7, or a complement thereof, b) an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8, or a complement thereof; c) an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes a naturally occurring allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8, or a complement thereof; d) an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which is at least 50% identical to the entire nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7, or a complement thereof; and e) an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a fragment of at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7, or a complement thereof.
 2. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 and a nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous polypeptide.
 3. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 1. 4. The vector of claim 3, which is an expression vector.
 5. A host cell transfected with the expression vector of claim
 4. 6. The host cell of claim 5, wherein said cell is a microorganism.
 7. The host cell of claim 6, wherein said cell belongs to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium.
 8. A method of producing a polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 5 in an appropriate culture medium to, thereby, produce the polypeptide.
 9. A method for producing a fine chemical, comprising culturing the cell of claim 5 such that the fine chemical is produced.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said method further comprises the step of recovering the fine chemical from said culture.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said cell belongs to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium herculis, Corynebacterium, lilium, Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum, Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum, Corynebacterium acetophilum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium fujiokense, Corynebacterium nitrilophilus, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Brevibacterium butanicum, Brevibacterium divaricatum, Brevibacterium flavum, Brevibacterium healii, Brevibacterium ketoglutamicum, Brevibacterium ketosoreductum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium paraffinolyticum, and those strains set forth in Table
 3. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein expression of the nucleic acid molecule from said vector results in modulation of production of said fine chemical.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein said fine chemical is selected from the group consisting of organic acids, proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, diols, carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, vitamins, cofactors, polyketides, and enzymes.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein said fine chemical is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of lysine, glutamate, glutamine, alanine, aspartate, glycine, serine, threonine, methionine, cysteine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, proline, histidine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.
 16. An isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) an isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8; b) an isolated polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8; c) an isolated polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7; d) an isolated polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which is at least 50% identical to the entire nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7; e) an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 50% identical to the entire amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8; and f) an isolated polypeptide comprising a fragment of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 8, wherein said polypeptide fragment maintains a biological activity of the polypeptide comprising the amino sequence.
 17. The isolated polypeptide of claim 16, further comprising heterologous amino acid sequences.
 18. A method for diagnosing the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a subject, comprising detecting the presence of at least one of the nucleic acid molecules of claim 1, thereby diagnosing the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the subject.
 19. A method for diagnosing the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a subject, comprising detecting the presence of at least one of the polypeptide molecules of claim 16, thereby diagnosing the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the subject.
 20. A host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of a) the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is disrupted by at least one technique selected from the group consisting of a point mutation, a truncation, an inversion, a deletion, an addition, a substitution and homologous recombination; b) the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7, wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises one or more nucleic acid modifications as compared to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7, wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of a point mutation, a truncation, an inversion, a deletion, an addition and a substitution; and c) the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:5 or 7, wherein the regulatory region of the nucleic acid molecule is modified relative to the wild-type regulatory region of the molecule by at least one technique selected from the group consisting of a point mutation, a truncation, an inversion, a deletion, an addition, a substitution and homologous recombination. 